
Class _4li-ii^>- 
Book W ^ [j- 
Goip^htN" 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



TEACHERS' AND STUDENTS' 
EXAMINATIONS 



•■».•>,>■ -^^g.- '^•<-^.- 

'*^^ !Slr^' Sk-Xk-'^- 



State and County 

Examination Questions 

With Answers 




EDITED BY 

WALTER CRADY 



CRASON BOOK CO. 

Publishers 
Frankfort, Kentucky 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
TVm Cootes Received 

JUN 12 \9or 

CepynfM En*y 

CLASS C< XXc.Ni. 

COPY B- 



V^ 



Y^ 



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PREFACE 



My object in preparing tills book is to give a general idea of 
the teachers' examinations in Kentucky and other States having 
similar Public School Systems. Tliis book includes examinations for 
State Diploma, State Certificate, County Certificate, County Super- 
intendent's Certificate and Common School Diploma. 

My experience in school work leads me to believe that these 
questions and answers rightly studied, will be invaluable to appli- 
cants for teachers' certificates. 

Very truly, 

WALTER CRADY. 
Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 1, 190G. 



County and State Examinations. 



SPELLING. 

1. What is a simple word? Compound? Primitive? Derivitive? 
Ans. (a) A simple word is a single word, either primitive or derivitive. • 

(b) A compound word is composed of two or more simple words, (c) A 
primitive word is not derived from any other word in the language, (d) A 
derivitive word is formed from some other word by adding something to 
it, or by changing the word. 

Illustration: (a) child, book; (b) coal-house, writing-book; (c) girl, 
land; (d) childish, taught. 

2. How many letters in the alphabet? From what is the name derived? 
Ans. There are twenty-six (26) letters in the alphabet. The word is 

derived from the first two letters in the Greek alphabet: alpha, beta. 

3. How are. the number of syllables in a word determined? 

Ans. A word has as many syllables as it has single or combined vowels 
that are sounded. 

4. Name the different kinds of words with reference to syllabication, 
and give the number of syllables in each. 

Ans. A monosyllable is a word of one syllable— man. A dissyllable 
is a word of two syllables— manly. A trisyllable is a word of three 
syllables— manliness. A polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables — 
municipality. 

5. In oral spelling would you have a class pronounce and repeat each syl- 
lable as spelled? Why? Ans. I would; in order to improve articulation. 

6. What is an affix? A suffix? A synonym? 

Ans. An aflfix is an addition to a word, either before or after it. A 
suffix is added at the end of a word. A synonym is a word of nearly the 
same meaning as another. 

7. What is a diphthong? A digraph ? Atrigraph? A homonym? 
Ans. A. diphthong is the union of twu vowels in a syllable. A digraph, 

or improper diphthong is the union of two vowels in a syllable, one of 
which is silent. A trigraph is the union of three vowels in a syllable, one 
or two. of which are silent. Homonyms are words having the same sound 
but different in meaning. 

8. What letters are never doubled? Ans. c, h, i, j, k, m, n, p, q. 

9. What is the base of every syllable? 

Ans. The base of every syllable is a vowel, either single or combined. 

10. Spell: Cocaine, pageant, erysipelas, yacht, rendezvous, satellite, 
roguish, tonsilitis, acoustics, gossamer. Ans. See Question 10. 

SPELLING. 

1. State five rules of spelling and illustrate each. 

Ans. (a) Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable ending 
with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final let- 
ter on receiving a suffix commencing with a vowel. Illustration: Drop, 



dropping; quit, quitting, (b) Silent final "e" must be dropped when 
suffixes commencing with a vowel are added, except when words ending in 
"ce" or "ge" come before "ous" or "able" to preserve soft sound of "c" 
or "g". Illustration: force, forcible; but courage, courageous, (c) In 
monosyllables ending in f, 1, or s, the final letter is doubled when preceded 
by a single vowel. Illustration: bell, cliff, hiss, (d) "Y" preceded by 
a consonant is changed to "i" on the addition of a syllable not beginning- 
with "i." Illustration: lofty, loftier; lazy, laziest. (e) Common nouns- 
ending in "y" preceded by a consonant, form their plurals by changing "y" 
to "i" and adding "es". Illustration: city, cities; fairy, fairies. 

2. Illustrate all the sounds of a, e, i, o, u, c, g, n, s, y. 
Consult your dictionary. 

3. Indicate correct pronunciation of: acclimate, bivouac, caisson, 
dahlia, egregious, feoff, gymnasium, htmistich, inchoative, justificatory. 

Consult your dictionary. 

4. Define: 

"Derelict" means abandoned or unfaithful. 

"Gratuitous" means given for nothing. 

"Accelerate" means to increase the speed. 

"Oxidize" means to convert into oxide. 

"Precocious" means too forward, premature. 

"Reminiscence" means that which is called to the mind. 

"Sanguinary" means bloodthirsty, murderous. 

"Accomplice" means associate in crime. 

"Satiate" means to gorge, to surfeit. 

"Sterilize" means to purify by killing microbes, etc. 

5. Spell Nicaragua, Caribbean, troubadour, enveigle, eulogize, face- 
tious, hieroglyphic, indigenous, innocuous, labyrinth, lassitude, plagiarism, 
pygmy, resuscitate, rhapsody, scrutinize, supercilious, syncope, taciturn, 
jamb. 

SPELLING. 

1. Cessation, carnation, dissension, secession, parliament, vinegar, in- 
sular, cellular, sycophant, seizure, hyphen, flimsy, guilty, glowworm, yeo- 
man, grievous, signpost, tweezers, cypress, senator, physics, sapphire, 
chancellor, bachelor, dulcet. 

2. Define portico, ancestor, meteor, cement, phantom, confront, re- 
suscitate, arraign, cylinder, copious. 

Portico, a covered space at the entrance of a building. Ancestor, one 
from whom a person descends, either by father or mother. Meteor, a 
luminous body or appearance flying or floating in the atmosphere. Cement, 
a glutinous subject capable of uniting bodies. Phantom, fancied vision. 
Confront, to face; to stand in front. Resuscitate, to revive; to recover 
from apparent death. Arraign, to call in question an accused before a tri- 
bunal. Cylinder, a circular body of uniform diameter. Copious, plentiful, 

3. Mark diacritically : Effervescence, coadjutor, parole, equator, oro- 
tund. Consult your dictionary. 



SPELLING. 

Q. What is spelling? 

A. Spelling is the art of arranging or expressing the letters of a word 
in correct and regular order. 

Q. Define: simple word, compound word, primitive word, derivitive 
word, root, prefix, suflax, affix, diphthong, digraph. Give examples of each. 

A. Simple word is a single word. Compound word is the union of two 
or more simple words. Primitive word is a word not derived from other 
words, having neither prefixes nor suffixes. Derivitive word is a word 
formed from other words of the language by prefixes or suffixes. A root is 
a word from which other words are formed. Prefix is a letter, syllable or 
word placed before a root or word to modify its meaning. Suffix is a sylla- 
ble or letter added to the end of a word to modify its meaning. Affix is 
either a suffix or prefix by some authorities, but more properly a suffix. 
Diphthong is the union of two sounded vowels in a syllable. Digraph is 
the union of two letters to express a single articulate sound. 

Examples in the above order are: Man, man-servant, woman, womanly, 
love, "pre" in prefix, "ly" in womanly, "ly" in lovely, 'ou" in loud, "th" 
in with. 

Q. Mark diacritically : Abdomen, banana, carmine, coterie, geneal- 
ogy. 

A. Consult your dictionary. 

Q. Define: Borough, burrow, symbolize, susceptible, anomaly, invin- 
cible, capricious, cere, sear, seer. 

A. In order: (a) An incorporated town, (b) same as (a), also to exca- 
vate a hole to lodge in, to hide, (c) to use symbols, to agree, (d) capa- 
ble of impression, tender, sensitive, (e) deviation from the common rule, 
irregular, (f) unconquerable, insuperable, (g) freakish, whimsical, change- 
able, (h) to cover with wax, (i) to burn, to dry, (j) a prophet. 

Q. Spell: Chaos, acetic, ascetic, debris, avaricious, beguile, aggran- 
dize, ecstacy, afi'able, fallacy, aquiline, clique, hallucination, coalesce, 
gratuity, circuitous, deteriorate, idealize, lacerate, mnemonics. 

SPELLING. 

Q. What faculties does the study of spelling chiefly tend to cultivate? 

A. Memory and Judgment. 

Q. Illustrate all the sounds of the letter "e" and mark the words dia- 
critically. 

Consult your dictionary. 

Q. Mark diacritically: Jaundice, lichen, magnesia, metonymy, nauseous, 
oblique, peculiar, pedagogy, orthoepy, medullary, 

Consult your dictionary. 

Q. Define: Straight, strait, suite, throe, thyme, pi'oselyte, antipathy, 
turbulent, effulgence, insatiate. 

A. (a) not crooked, (b) a narrow channel connecting two larger bodies 
of water, (c) a set, as of rooms, (d) exti-eme pain, anguish, (e) a plant, (f) 
a new convert, (g) settled dislike or distaste, (h) noisy, boisterous, (i) 



6 

brightness in tlie extreme, splendor, (h) incapable of being satisfied. 

Q. Spell: Lassitude, resuscitate, guerilla, rhinoceros, incorrigible, 
solicitous, aberration, coercion, catastrophe, celerity, chandelier, im- 
panel, avalanche, profligacy, pavilion, acidity, secession, artifice, 
judiciary, serenity. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Solicitude, pitiable, allege, italicized, palatable, fuchsia, 
sirloin, arraign, rattan, languor, myriads, meteor, Philippines, deluge, 
salable, deuce, surcingle, dispel, wrangle, baluster, scalene, serenade, 
rhyme, deleble, secede. 

2. Mark diacritically and use in sentences: 
Ability: He is a man of great ability. 

Capacity: The capacity of this cistern is 150 barrels. 
Abundant : The crops are abundant. 
Plenty: We are blessed with plenty; 
Admit: We admit the statement to be true. 
Confess: We confess our guilt. 
Advise: We advise you to be careful. 
Persuade: I shall try to persuade him to go with us. 
Aggravate: This will aggravate the matter. 
Irritate: The wound seems irritated. 
Allow: We cannot allow such conduct. 
Think: We think this is true. 
Allusion: He made allusion to this affair. 
Delusion: This will prove a delusion. 
Illusion: He is laboring under a mental illusion. 
Emigrate; Many Europeans emigrate from Europe. 
Immigrate: Many Europeans immigrate to America. 
Esteem: We esteem him very highly. 
Estimate: We estimate him at his true worth. 
Wealthy: He is considered to be wealthy. 
Healthful: The climate of Kentucky is healthful. 
Series: These numbers form an arithmetical series. 
Succession: These events followed in rapid succession. 
Party: He is one party in this lawsuit. 
Person: A distinguished person came to visit us. 
Consult your dictionary. 

SPELLING. 

1. Give three rules for spelling. 

Ans. 1. Monosyllables and words accented on the last svllable ending 
with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final letter 
on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel. 2. Silent "e" must be 
dropped when adding suffixes commencing with a vowel, except when "c" 
or "g" comes before able and "ous". 3. In monosyllables ending with 
hard "c", k is added. Exceptions: lac, talc, sac, zinc, ploc, arc, marc, 
ore, fisc. 



2. Do you have oral or written spelling? Why? 

Ans. I have both, but principally written spelling, because the only 
spelling a pupil has to do after leaving school is in writing. 

3. Place the proper diacritical marks on: 

Vagary, phosphoris, anchor, species, genius, gladiolus, falsetto, clarionet, 
mistletoe, despicable. 
Consult your dictionary. 

4. Define: exodus— a departure; nocturnal— done at night ; lethargy — 
dulness, inatt' ntion ; persecute— to pursue in order to injure; taciturn — 
habitually silent ; diffidence— want of self cofidence ; reverie— day dream ; fas- 
tidious— hard to please; mendicant —beggar ; austere — harsh, stern; genius 
— special taste or disposition. 

5. Spell: sergeant, efficient, insatiable, sincerity, fuchsia, hydrangea, 
rigid, jessamine, counsel, aesthetic, interior, gyration, strata, balsams, 
vivacious, pollen, cyme, peculiar, austere, vagary, mistletoe, anchor, 
empire, treasurer, auditor. 

SPELLING. 

1. How many sounds has the letter "a". Illustrate each. 
Ans. The letter "a" has seven sounds: 

Consult your dictionary. 

2. Define: (1) accent, (2) primary accent, (3) secondary accent, (4) 
syllable, (5) dieresis. 

Ans. (1) Accent is a more forcible enunciation of one syllable than 
others in the same word. (2) Primary accent is the principal accent. 
(3) Secondary accent is a partial or slight accent. (4) A syllable is 
letter or a combination of letters uttered with a single impulse of the 
voice. (5) A dieresis is a mark (..) placed over the first of two success- 
ive vowels to indicate that they belong to different syllaijles. 

3. State and illustrate the rules for doubling the final consonant of 
words receiving a suffix commencing with a vowel. 

Ans. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable ending with 
a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final letter on 
receiving a suffix commencing with a vowel. 

Illustration: drop, dropping; control, controlling. 

4. Define: cymbal — a musical instrument; symbol — an emblem, a 
representation; deviser— an inventor; devisor — one who devises real estate 
by will; divisor — one of the terms in division in arithmetic; fain— well 
pleased, glad; fane— a temple; feign—to pretend; eulogium — a formal 
speech commending the character of a person; recipient — a person who re- 
ceives. 

5. Spell: diurnal, ebullition, felicity, hyperbole, impromptu, lineage, 
nonpareil, omniscient, palliate, quiescent, raillery, sinuous, surveillance, 
tenable, tympanum, utilitarian, vacillate, vignette, virulent, Babylon. 

READING. 

1. What are the purposes of reading work? 



Ans. The main purpose in reading work is to create in the pupil a love 
for good literature. We read for information, for pleasure, to acquire a good 
style. A person is known by the kind of books he reads; therefore, if we 
inspire in a pupil a love for good books, he will read them through life 
and be continually influenced by them. Good reading places us into the 
best company of all ages, and therefore gives us the right kind of pleasure. 
We learn much by absorption; and by reading the works of good authors we 
acquire more or less ill expressing our own thoughts some of their own 
manners of expression. 

2. What method would you use in beginning reading? What material 
would you use? Write a lesson suitable for use before the book is intro- 
duced. 

Ans. (a) I would use the word method modified, (b) I think charts 
as printed to-day would be the best material, (c) Some lady primary 
teacher can outline a lesson of this kind far more satisfactory than I pos- 
sibly could do myself. 

3. Arrange a plan of phonic work for the first two grades. 

Ans. A good drill daily on the elementary sounds. Every teacher must 
be the judge of the needs of the school. 

4. How may you work to clear the articulation? How will you correct 
the habit of breaking the thought in oral reading? 

Ans. (a) By practice in elementary sounds, (b) By silent reading and 
by having pupils express the thought before reading orally. 

5. Define: accurately, enunciation, articulation, pronunciation. 

Ans. (a) Accurately — means exactly and correctly; (b) enunciation- 
means simply uttering; (c) articulation— means the uttering of the ele- 
mentary sounds; (d) pronunciation — includes articulation and accent. 

6. Define: orotund, monotone, expression. 

Ans. Orotund is the form of expression by a round opening of the 
mouth. Monotone is the utterance of successive syllables on one unva- 
ried key. Expression means representation of meaning, mode of speech. 

7. What relation does a teacher's knowledge and appreciation of lit- 
erature bear to his ability to teach reading? 

Ans. No one can teach more than he knows. A teacher full of the love 
of good literature will create in his pupils, even by absorption, a love for 
the same. 

8. Should attention to reading increase or decrease as the school course 
is progressing I'' 

Ans. Nine-tenths of what we leirn through life we learn through 
reading. Hence, attention to reading should increase. 

9. What are the chief uses of a school library? Is it to be regarded as 
a necessity or convenience? Why? 

Ans. The chief use of a school library is to get pupils in a habit to use 
books. It is next to be used for reference. A school library is a necessity, 
since without learning the use of it, a pupil will leave school without 
knowing of what use reference books are. 



9 

10. Give an illustration of a metaphoi"; change the metaphor to a cor- 
responding simile. Write three sentences, each containing a figure of 
speech other than a metaphor or a simile and specify the figure in each 
case. 

Ans. (a) Life is a leaf of paper white (b) Life is like a leaf of 
white paper, (c) I left my father's roof (synecdoche). The st^rs and 
stripes are respected (metonymy). If you are an anvil hold you still; if 
you are a hammer strike your fill (antithesis). 

READING. 

"Build thee more stately mansions, my suul. 
As the swift seasons roll ! 
Leave thy low-vaulted past ! 
Let each new temple, nobler than the last. 
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast. 
Till thou at length art free. 
Leaving thine out-grown shell by life's unresting seal" 

1. From what poem is the above quoted? Tell what you know of 
the author. Name sams of his best known productions. 

Ans. The quotation is from "The Chambered Nautilus." Oliver 
Wendell Holmes, physician, poet, and lecturer, was born at Cambridge 
Mass. August 29, 13}^. He died in Boston, October 7, 1894. He was a 
graduate from Harvard University and for many years he was professor of 
Anatomy in this University. The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, the 
Professor at the Breakfast Table, The Poet at the Breakfast Table, Elsie 
Vennor, etc., are sjme of his best prose writings. Some of his best known 
poems are: Old Ironsides; The Deacon's Masterpiece; The Boys, and 
others. 

2. What is the purpose of this poem? 

Ans. Striving after improvement, year after year, is the purpose of 
the poem. 

3. What preparation would you make for bringing this purpose within 
the comprehension of a Fii'th Reader pupil? 

Ans. A thorough, critical study of the poe^n, followed by memorizing, 
especially the last stanza. 

4. What is the efftct on the reading (a) of being directly conscious of 
every word on the page? (b) of being conscious of the letters, punctuation 
marks, etc. ? 

Ans. (a) It has a tendency of making natural readers, (b) It has a 
tendency to make artificial readers. 

5. Which is the more rapid, silent reading or oral reading? Why? 
Ans. Silent reading is the more rapid because the eye can act more 

rapidly than the vocal oi'gans. 

6. Why should the teacher of reading be able to read well herself? 
Ans. As is the teacher so A^ill be the school. Personal example, es- 
pecially in reading, will have a povverful effect upon the pupils. 



10 

7. What is the value of committing to memory choice peces of poetry 
and prose V 

Ans. These selections being once committed become unconsciously part 
of ourselves, and cannot help but influence our expression, both written and 
oral; also, the maxims contained in the selections are powerful agents in 
building character. 

8. What use may be made of pictures in text-books in reading? 

Ans. By conversing about them a natural form of expression can be 
cultivated, which is one of the prime requisites in reading. 

9. What directions or suggestions should the teacher give in assigning 
a new reading lesson? 

Ans. This depends very much upon the character of the selections. In 
all cases some questions in regard to the author, his principal works, etc., 
are in order. Also the pupil's attention should be directed to figurative 
language, difficult words, etc. The acquisition of the complete thought 
by the pupil is the final pui'pose of all. 

10. Read the above selection. 

READING. 

1. What is meant by monotone? When is it proper to use? 

Ans. A monotone is an almost level tone. It is proper to use it in cer- 
tain very solemn selections. 

2. What is a poetic pause? Should we be governed by the punctua- 
tion in reading poetry the same as in reading prose? 

Ans. A poetic pause is a stop in the reading to direct attention to 
certain words, either just preceding or about to follow. I do not think 
that; punctuation, but the thought expressed, should drjtermine pauses eith- 
er in prose or poetry. 

3. What is a good reader? 

Ans. A good reader is one who sees quickly, feels deeply, and express- 
es clearly the thought of the printed page. 

4. Why do we have so few good readers? 

Ans. One of the principal reasons is that reading has been under-esti- 
mated. Instead of being considered the most important of school studies 
it has often been slighted. Want of drill is the reason that so few good 
readers are found. 

5. Is a good reader apt to be good in other branches? Why? 

Ans. Yes. About nine-tenths of all we learn through life we acquire 
tlrough reading. Hence the best reader acquires the most thought. 

6. Read: 

"With deep affection "On this I ponder 

And recollection Where'er I wander, 

I often think of And thus grow fonder, 

Those Shandon bells Sweet Cork, of thee. 

Whose sound so wild would. With thy bells of Shandon 

In the days of childhood, That sound so grand on 

Fling round my cradle The pleasant waters 

Their magic spells. " Of the river Lee. " 



11 

"What does this fellow here?" cried Edward Randolph, fiercely. "On, 
Sir Edmund. Bid the soldiers forward, and give the dotard the same 
choice that you gave all his countrymen— to stand aside or be trampled on." 

READING. 

1. Name the steps one should take in preparing to read a selection 
impressively. 

Ans. Before any one is able to read impressively he should see plainly, 
understand thoroughly, enunciate distinctly, and feel deeply tne thoughts 
and emotions of the selection. 

2. What is meant by force in reading? What relation does stress bear 
to force? 

Ans. By force in reading we mean the energy with which we read. 
Stress relates to the way in which force is applied to single sounds, words 
and sentences. 

3. (a) What physical habits ought a pupil to form from reading aloud? 
(b) What bad physical habits may be formed in reading classes under a poor 
teacher? 

Ans. (a) From reading aloud a pupil should acquire self control, erect 
position and correct enunciation, (b) Under a poor teacher a pupil may be- 
come confused and hesitating, stoop shouldered and, in general, careless. 

4. What advantages arise from having reading and writing associa- 
ted from the first? 

Ans. By this means a pupil acquires both reading and writing simul- 
taneously and, since "writing makes an exact man," a pupil will read 
better after having written the selection. 

5. What should be the chief aims in teaching oral reading, and by what 
means would you accomplish those aims? 

Ans. The chief aims are to get pupils to see quickly and accurately, 
understand thoroughly and express clearly. We can accomplish this by 
persistent practice and drill. 

6. Read: "Idleness is the badge of the gentry, the ban^^ of body and 
mind, the nurse of naughtiness, the step-mother of discipline, the chief 
author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, the cushion upon which 
the devil chiefly reposes, and a great cause not only of melancholy, but of 
many other diseases; for the mind is naturally active, and if it is not oc- 
cupied about some honest business, it rushes into mischief and sinks into 
melancholy. ' ' — Burton. 

"Eschew the idle life! 

Flee, flee from doing naught ! 

For never was there idle brain 

But bread an idle thought. "—Tubersville. 

READING. 

Q. What is inflection, pitch, quality? 

A. Inflection is a slide, modulation or accent of the voice in reading 
to express more clearly the meaning. Pitch is the place of the voice 



12 

upon the scale of high or low. Quality is a distinctive trait of tone in the 
rendition of reading. 

Q. Give three instances in which the rising inflection is demanded. Il- 
lustrate by examples. 

A. (1) When the statement is not complete, but depends on something 
else, as, '1 think I will go [but I am not sure]." (2) When we are un- 
certain or indifferent instead of positive or earnest, as, "Have you fin- 
ished your lesson?" (3) Direct questions that can be answered by yes or 
no, as, "Did you walk?" 

Q. What is emphasis? In what ways is it effected? 
A. (a) A particular stress of utterance or force uf voice upon one or 
more words in reading or speaking, (b) (1 , By raising the pitch, (2) by 
lowering the pitch and reading more slowly, (3) by pausing before and af- 
ter the emphatic word or woi'ds. 

Q. Do you have your pupils read in concert? Give reasons why you do 
or do not. 

A. I do not, because: (1) It does not lead to good expression. (2) It 
creates confusion. (3) They fail to get the thought so well. (4) It pre- 
vents the overcoating of special defects. 

Q. Mention more than one way of ascertaining whether the pupil has 
intelligently studied his reading lesson. 

A. (1) By having him tell the story of the lesson. (2) By "quizzing" 
him upon special points of the lesson. (3) By his reading of it. 

Q. Read the following: "Humility is often a feigned submission which 
we employ to supplant others. It is one of the devices of pride to lower 
us to praise; and truly pride transforms itself in a thousand ways, and is 
never so well disguised and more able to deceive then when it hides itself 
under the form of humility. "—La Rochefoucauld. 

"How beautiful is night ! 
A dewy freshness fills the silent air. 
Nor mist obscures, nor cloud , nor speck, nor stain 
Breaks the serene heaven ;• 
In full-orb'd glory, yonder moon divine 
Rolls through the dark blue depths. 
Beneath her steady ray 
The desert circle spreads. 
Like the round ocean girdled with the sky. 

How beautiful is night!" 
Q. Define pure, aspirated and orotund qualities of voice. 
A. (a) Natural tone or quality of voice, (b) Tone accompanied with 
audible breath, (c) Tone characterized with strength, clearness and 
rhythm. 

Q. How can a distinct and correct articulation be acquired? 
A. By careful training of the voice from childhood and a thorough mas- 
tery of all the sounds. 
Q. Define a parenthetical clause, and state how it should be read. 



13 

A. It is a clause thrown in as explanatory of what is said and should 
be read in a lower pitch. 

Q. What are the causes of the monotonous reading often heard in a 
school room"? How can it be avoided? How cured when once the habit 
is formed? 

A. (a) Lack of training, lack of understanding of the selection to be 
read and lack of interest, (b) By careful training in the primary grades, 
(c) By incessant and tireless drills in having pupil express the thought as 
his own. By having him imitate the teacher's reading. 

Q. For what purpose and at what stage of the pupil's progress would 
you give formal instruction in phonics? 

A. (a) To create correct and distinct articulation and to make the pu- 
pil independent of the teacher in the learning of the new words as they 
occur in the reading (b) I-'rom the very beginning of school-life up to 
about the sixth grade. 

Q. Read the following "Let honesty be as the breath of thy soul, and 
never forget to have a penny when all thy expenses are enumerated and 
paid; then shalt thou reach the point of happiness, and independence shall 
be thy shield and buckler, thy helmet a.nd crown; then shall thy soul walk 
upright, nor stoop to the silken wretch because he hath riches nor pocket 
an abuse because the hand which offers it wears a ring set with diamonds. " 
— Franklin. 

"O jealousy thou most unnatural offspring 

Of a too tender parent ! that in excess 

Of fondness feeds thee, like the pelican. 

But with her purest blood; and in return 

Thou tearest the bosom whence thy nurture flows. ' ' 

— Froude. 
WRITING. 

1. Make and name the principles in the system of penmanship you teach. 
Ans. I use the Spencerian: 




Principals: 1, straight line; 2, right curve; 3, left curve; 4, extended 
loop; 5, oval; 6, inverted oval; 7, capital s em. 

2. Classify the letters in the alphabet according to height. 
Ans. One space — a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x. 
li spaces — r, s. 

2 spaces-- 1, d. 
2^ spaces — q. 

3 spaces— b, g, h, j, k, 1, y, z. 
3* spaces — p. 

5 spaces— f. 



14 

3. At what age would you begin the use of pen and ink? Why? 

Ans. I would begin it as soon as a pupil enters school because practice 
makes perfection. 

4. What objections would you have to the use of slates? 

Ans. Pupils would have to go through the same practice twice with 
considerable loss of time. 

5. What assistance would you give the pupil in writing? 

Ans. I would simply correct his errors and guard against a repetition 
of the same. I would also as far as I was able set him copies for imita- 
tion. 

6. Write some selections from memory as a specimen of your writing. 
Ans. Words ai'e the counters of wise m.en ; the coin of fools. 

WRITING. 

1. What should be the pupil's position while writing? 

Ans. There are various opinions in regard to this question. I believe 
the right oblique position the best. 

2. When should instruction in writing with pen and ink be given the 
child? 

Ans. If by this question is meant, what time of the day, I would an- 
swer about the middle of the forenoon. If it means when in a child's school 
life should it begin, I would answer: Just as soon as possible after enter- 
ing school. 

3. Describe the different movements, and state which is preferable for 
business purposes. 

Ans. (a) The finger movement: This practically explains itself, (b) 
The muscular movement or fore-arm movement: This is made by the ex- 
ercise of muscles of the fore-arm. (c) The whole arm movement : This ex- 
plains itself. I think the fore-arm movement is best for business purposes. 

4. What three main results should we try to attain in teaching writing? 
Ans. Legibility, neatness, dispatch. 

5. Should left-hand pupils be taught to use the left or right hand? 
Why? 

Ans, I believe it wouH be advisible if all pupils were taught to use 
both hands. It would be a great help in case of accident. 

6. Analyze the letters in the word Education. 
Ans. Using the following principles: 



15 

7. Truth, crushel to earth, shall rise again. 
The eternal years of God are hers ; 
But Error, wounded, writhes with pain, 
And dies among his worshipers. 

WRITING. 

Q. What is the correct method of holding the pen? 

A. Hold the pen between the thumb, first and second fingers with 
the ball of the thumb and first finger resting respectively 
on the left and top sides of the pen staff, the staff passing over the root of 
the nail of the middle finger and pointing upward directly to the shoulder. 

Q. Explain what is meant by the following terms used in writing: 
Base Line, Head Line, Top Line, Space. 

A. Base Line is the line upon which the writing rests and at which 
most of the letters begin. Head Line is the line at the top of the one- 
space letters. Top line is the line at the top of the three-space letters. 
Space is a scale for measuring the height and width of letters. 

Q. What principles or elements are most prominent in the formation 
of the capitals? 

A. Capital Stem, Direct and Inverted Ovals. 

Q. Analyze the letters in the word "Interval." 



are the principles. 
Analysis: 3, 7— 3, 1, 3, 1, 2—2, 1, 1 horizontal— 2. 1, 2-2, 2, 1, 2—3, 3, 
2-3, 3, 2, 1, 2,-4, 2. 

Q. Write a quotation of four or more lines as specimen of your hand- 
writing. 

A. Answers would differ according to applicants. 
Tell me not, in mournful numbers, 
Life is hut an empty dream; 
For the soul is dead that slumbers 

And things are not what they seem. 

WRITING. 

Q. Describe the different mo-ements employed in writing. Which do 
you regard as best ? Why ? 

A. (1) The finger movement consists in letting the hand rest station- 
ary upon the paper and moving the thumb, index, and middle finger in the 
formation of the letters. In the fore-arm movement we let the muscle of 
the fore-arm rest upon stand or desk with the nails of the third and fourth 
finger gliding upon the paper and move the whole fore-arm and hand. In 
the whole arm movement, we merely let the nails of the third and fourth 
fingers rest upon the paper and employ the whole arm in describing the 
lines and curves. (2) The forearm, we regard as best. (3) Because by 
it we secure symmetrical lines and shapes of letters with less fatigue to 



16 

our arm and hand. 

Q. What is the unit for measuring the height and width of letters? 

A. The small letter "i "without the dot is used as the unit for measur- 
ing the height of letters. The distance between the two downward strokes- 
of the small letter "u" is considered a space in width. 

Q. How should the paper be placed on the desk while writing? 

A. At right angles with the edge of the desk in front of him. 

Q. Analyze the letters in the word "Satisfaction." 

A. The principles by numbers are: 



hence the analysis is 2, 7—3, 3, 2, 1, 2- -2, 1, 2, 1 horizontal— 2, 1, 2—2, 2, 
2—4, 4 inverted— 3, 3, 2, 1, 2-1, 3, 2-2, 1, 2, 1 horizontal— 2, 1, 2—3, 3, 
2—3, 1, 3, 1, 2, the different letters being separated by dashes. 

Q. Write a letter ordering a book, as a specimen of your writing. 

A. The answers would differ according to the tastes and training of dif- 
ferent applicants. 

WRITING. 
1. How would you teach pupils to hold the pen? 

Ans. In the most natural way possible, so that there is freedom of 
movement. 

2. How may you use the blackboard in teaching the principles of pen- 
manship? 

Ans. The blackboard may be used by the teacher to make the principles 
of penmanship, and point out possible imperfections, together with the 
means of correcting them. 

3. What if ths unit for measuring the height of letters? The width? 
Ans. The unit for measuring the height of letters is the height of the 

letter '-i". The width is the distance between the two straight marks 
in "u. " 

4. What is the best time for writing? 

Ans. I consider the forenoon just before recess the best time. 

5. Do you insist on form or movement with beginners? Why? 

Ans. With beginners I would not insist on form or movement, but di- 
rect all my attention to acquiring freedom of motion. All else v/ill follow 
in time. 

6. Gi'ade the composition paper from 1 to 50 on handwriting. 

WRITING. 

1. Analyze; c, d, f ,k. 



^^!^ QC 



17 

2. What is the best time for writing exercise? Why? 

Ans. Just before morning recess, because the muscles are then in the 
best condition. 

3. How much time should you give to writing in a country school? 
Ans. About half an hour each day. However, conditions might require 

more or less time. 

4. Does the typewriter decrease the importance of this subject? Why? 
Ans. Yes. Manipulations of the keyboard will make all writers equal- 
ly legible, while they may differ in speed. 

5. Copy as a specimen of your handwriting: 

How often have I blessed the coming day. 
When toil remitting lent its turn to play, 
And all the village train from labor free. 
Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree. 
WRITING. 

1. What constitutes good penmanship? 
Ans. Uniformity in size, slant, space. 

2. What is the main slant? The connective slant? 

Ans. The main slant is the slant of the body of the letters. The con- 
nective slant is the slant of the connections of letters. 

3. Into how many classes and which ones are the small letters d»ivided 
with respect to height? Name all the letters in each class. 

Ans. 1. Letters of one space— a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x. 2. Let- 
ters of li spaces— r, s; 2 spaces — t, d; 2J spaces, q; 3 spaces, b, g, h, j, k, 
1, y, z; 3i spaces, p; 5 spaces, f. 

4. Analyze the letters in the word comprehend. 




5. Write a formal invitation to dinner as a specimen of your best writ- 
ing. 

Ans. Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Jones present their compliments to Mr. 
and Mrs. J. Davis, and request the pleasure of their company at dinner on 
Tuesday evening, Feb. 21st, at 7 o'clock. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1. Multiply $36.52 by 2 64 and interpret each partial product; that is tell its 
relation to the multiplicand. 

Answer: $36.52 The arrangement explains itself: The first 

2.64 partial product is .01 of multiplicand, the second 

.6; the third 2 times. 

$ 1.4608 
21.912 
7.S.04 

i96.4l28 



18 

2. Divide a number by 4, by 5 and by 2(), and the sum of the three quo- 
tients will be what part of the original number ? 

Ans. It will be Vj + ^.-.-i IL'o— ^i- of original number. 

3. A bought at "40 and 10 off " and sold at "20 off." The list price 
being the same in each case, what was the gain 'j, ? 

Ans. Let 100 list; 1st disc, leaves 60; 2nd disc, leaves 54, Cost. Sold 
at 80. Profit-- 26. Cost 54; profit -Ko, per cent profit 48'i.T ',/ . 

4. What is the ratio of the square of the radius to the square of the 
diameter of the same circle? Of the area of a circle to ai-ea of its circum- 
scribed square? 

(a) Square of radius: square of diameter:: 1:4. (b) Area of circle: area 
of circumscribed square:: .7851:1. 

5. Discuss the purpose of work in mathematics with actual objects, and 
the amount of such work that should be done in primary arithmetic; in ad- 
vanced grades. Describe the kinds of objects to be used and give reason for 
selecting each kind. 

Ans. The purpose is to reach the understanding through the eye. In 
primary arithmetic it should be used through the fundamental rules, and tooth- 
picks, or similar objects should be used. In the advanced grades, geometrical 
bodies as cube blocks, globes, etc., should be used. In each case we must not 
forget that ultimately pupil must think, not thing, their way through mathe- 
matics. 

6. A person has a circular yard that is 150 ft. in diameter and wishes to 
have a walk of uniform width made around it within the fence; required the 
width of the walk so that it may occupy a fifth part of the ground. 

Ans. Area of the yard=150- X .7854=17671.50. 

The walk being i/-,, the remaining circle^'/.- of 17671.50=^14137.2 sq. ft. 
14137.2 

=18000 sq. ft =Equare of diameter. 

.7854 

V 18U00 134.10 ft. .diameter of circle. 

1.50 ft— 134.16 ft 15.84 ft. width of twice walk. 

15.84 ft. 4-2 -7.92 ft. Ans. 

7. Given a cylinder 10 inches in diameter and 12 inches long; required the 
area of each end, the convex area, the total area, and the contents in gallons. 

Ans. Area of each end= I0-X.7854=78..'54 sq. in. 

Convex surface=10X3.1410X12=376.i)92 sq. in. 

Total area= 78.54 sq. in+78.54 sq. in.-j 376.992 sq. in.= 534.C72sq. in. 

Contents=78.54X 12=942. 48 cu. in. 

942.48 cu. in.- 231=4.08 gal. Ans. 

8. A young lady received from her father's estate $20,0o0, so invested as 
to pay 3',> . She sold this investment at 94il>'/^ and bought bank stock at225</f , 
which yields 8'-', interest. What was the change in income? 

Ans. First inconie=3</r of S20,G00=$600. 

Proceeds of sale=94V:.f/, of J20, 000= $18, 900. 



19 

Par value of bank stock=$18,900--2.25=$8,400. 
2nd income=8iL.9r of tf8,400=$714. 
Increase in income^$714— 1^600=-$ 114. 
9. A globe of gold 1 inch in diameter is worth $120, What is the value 
of a globe 3!'2 inches in diameter? 
Ans. 7 7 7 15 

—X —X - X3!120=$5145 
2 2 2 
10. What is the area of the largest square that can be inscribed in a circle 
which is 8 inches in diameter? 

Ans. 8-=64 sq. in.=twice area of square. 

32 sq. in.=^area of inscribed square. 

2. I bought green coffee at 18c per pound. I roasted it, losing 10 per 
cent of the weight in the process. How must I sell it per pound to gain 
20 per cent after allowing 4 per cent for bad debts"' 

3. How many inches must A, B and C, respectively, grind off of a part- 
ner hip grindstone 2 ft. 10 in. in diameter, so that each may get an equal 
share; allowing 8 in. for aperture? 

4. Sold a lot of apples at 30 per cent profit. If the cost had been $300 
more, I would have lost 30 per cent. How much did I pay for them? 

5. A wooden beam 4 in. thick and 6 ft. long is 9 in. wide at one end, 
and 12 in. wide at the other. How far from the larger end must the beam 
be cut, straight across, so that the solidities of the two parts may be 
equal ? 

Ans. This seems to me an algebraic problem and I answer it 
as such. See solution on page 29. 

7. A company has a capital stock of $175,000. W. B., who owns 75 
shares, receives a dividend of $937.50. What is the entire dividend? 

8. What sum invested in U. S.- 3 per cent bonds at 108 will yield annual 
income of $715.50 in currency ,when gold is at 106? 

9 How many globes 8 In. in diameter would equal in surface a globe 40 
in. in diameter? 

10. If 5 printers in 27 days of 9 hours each can set the type in 18 sheets 
of 24 pages each, 2 columns to page, 42 lines to column, and 30 ems to the 
line, how many hours a day should 9 printers work for 28 days to set type 
for 32 sheets of 36 pages each, with one column to the page, 49 lines to the 
column, and 40 ems to the line? 
Ans. 
9:5 
28 27 
18 :32 
24:36 :: 9 : 10 Answer. 

2:1 
42 :49 
30 :40 



20 

ARITHMETIC. 
Q. What is the difference betweeen a rule and a principle as used in 
arithmetic, and what is the order in which they should be mastered by the 
pupil? 

A. A principle is a fundamental proposition of arithmetic or mathe- 
matics, while a rule is the practical application of a principle or principles 
thereof in a determinate method for producing a certain result. The prin- 
ciple should invariably be mastered first by the pupil. 
Q. Write by the Roman notation: 189; 1348; 1903. 
A. CLXXXIX; MCCCXLVIII; MDCCCCIII. 
Q. What is the difference between the weights of five pounds of gold 
and five pounds of lead? 

A. Gold is weighed by Troy weight of 5,760 grains to the pound, and lead 
by Avoirdupois weight of 7,000 grains to the pound, the grains in the two 
weights being identical. Hence, lib. of lead=l lb. of gold-fl,240 grains; 5 
lbs. of lead 5 lbs. of gold+3,2)0 grs.=8 lbs. of gold+440 grs. or the lead is 
6,200 grains the heavier. 

Q. New York is in latitude 40"^ 12' N., longitude 74° W. ; the City of 
Mexico is in latitude 19^ 25' N., longitude 103° 45' W.; when it is 11:00 a. m. 
at N. Y. what is the time in Mexico? 
103° 45' Mex. Long. 
74° N. Y . Long. 

15 I 29° 45' D if. in Long. 
1 hi\ 59m. Dif. in time. 
Since Mexico is west from New York it has earlier time. 
11 hr. 00 m., A. M., N. Y. 
1 hr. 59 m. dif. 



9 hrs. 1 m., A. M. Mexico 
Q. (i:-;2-f-%3_y.9)=? 

A. Vo-'^-^k; %3=2-/i2r.; ;/ .9=.941-.-(i/5^-(--Kv^— i/.9)=i%5+-T,2-_.94i= 
.64+.216— .941=— .085. or— I'/ioo. 

Q. How many bushels of wheat will fill a hogshead that holds 160 gallons 
of water? 

A. 1 gal. of water=231 cu. in . 

160 gal. of water=160X231 cu. in. =36960 cu. in. 
2150.4 cu. in.=l bu. of wheat. 
1 

1 cu. in — bu. of v^^heat. 

2150.4 
36960 

3690 cu. in. = bu. of wheat^nTic bu. of wheat. 

2150 4 

Q For how much must I make my note at bank for thr-ee months at 69f 
in order to get from the bank just $300.00? 

A. Proceeds of $1.00 for 3 m. at Gr{ =, $0,935; $300-$0.985=$304.56 not 
considering any days of grace. 



21 

Q. The area of a circle is 706.86 sq. ft. What is the surface of a sphere 
of same diameter? What is the volume of this sphere? 
1- VlvG.m sq. tt,--3 1416=15 ft. radius. 

2. 15 ft. radiusX2=30 ft diameter. 

3. 3.14!6X(30ft.;-=2827.44sq ft. surf ace of sphere . 

4. 3.1416X^(1 (30 ft.)=^=14137 2 cu. ft. vol. of sphere. 

A- (l)-i/706.86sq ft. --3. 1416= 16 ft radius (2) 15 feet radiusX2= 
30 ft. diameter. (3). 8.1416X(30 ft )^=2827.41 sq ft. surface of sphere. (4). 
3.1416X% (30 ft )3=14,137.2 cu. ft. vol. of sphere. 

Q. Bought a horse for $125.00, and sold it for 20 '/p advance; sold a car- 
riage for $125.00, gaining 25 ir ; sold a yoke of oxen for $125.00, losing 20 ^fc ; 
bought 10 sheep for $125.00 and sold them at a loss of 25%. What did I gain 
or lose on the whole? 
A. 1 00 ^'f =$125.00, 
1%=$1.25. 

20';( =$25.00 gain on horse. 
100 (/c =cost of carriage. 
lOOVf +25'/r=125% sale of cai-riage. 
125 ^f =$125.00. 

1%=$1.00. 
259f =$25.00 gain on carriage. 
100%=cost of oxen. 
100 % —20 % =80 % sale of oxen. 
SOff =$125.00. 
lf/f=$1.56i. 

20'/f =$31.25 loss on oxen. 
100 -yf =$125.00 cost of 10 sheep. 

l%=$1.2o. 
25% =$31.25 loss on 10 sheep. 
S31.25+$31 25=$62.50 total losses. 
$25.O0+$25.0O=3?5O total gains. 
$62.50— $50.00=$i2.50 net loss on the whole. 
Q. If 27 men in 4 days of 10 hours each can dig a ditch 360 yards long, 
6 feet wide, and 4.5 feet deep, in how many days of 9 hours each can 15 men 
dig a ditch 270 yards long, 5 feet wide and three feet deep? 
Ans. 



15 m. : 


27 m. 


9 hrs . 


10 hrs. 


360 yds. 


: 27(1 yds. 


6 ft. 


5 ft. 


4.5 ft. 


3 ft. 



;;4days : (3J days) 



27X10X270X5X3X4 5 

-= days=3J days. 



15X9X360X6X4-5 1.5 

2« 2 ] 

2 



22 

ARITHMETIC. 

Q. State the principles of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and 
Division. 

A. (a) 1. Only like numbers can be added. 2. The sum is equal to 
all units of all the parts. 3. The sum is the same in kind as the numbers 
added. 4. Units of the same order, and only such can be added directly. 
5. The sum is the same in whatever order the numbers are added. 

(b) 1. Minuend and subtrahend must be of the same kind. 2. The 
difference is the same kind as minuend and subtrahend. 3. The difference 
equals the niinuend minus the subtrahend. 4. The minuend equals the 
diffei'ence plus the subtrahend. 5. The subtrahend equals the minuend 
minus the difference. 

(c) 1. The mutiplicand may be either abstract or concrete. 2. The 
multiplier must always be abstract. 3. The product if. the same kind as the 
multiplicand. 4. The product is the same in whatever order the numbers 
are multiplied. 5. The partial products are the same in kind as the mul- 
tiplicand. 6. Sum of the partial products equals the total product. 

(d) 1. When the dividend and divisor are of same denomination the quo- 
tient is abstract. 2. When the divisor is abstract the quotient is like the 
dividend. 3. The remainder is like the dividend. 4. The dividend is equal 
to the product of the divisor by the quotient plus the remainder. 

Q. A, B, and C rented a pasture for $50.00. A put in 5 horses for 4 
months, B 15 cows for 3 months, C 30 sheep for 5 months. What should 
each pay if 2 horses eat as much as 3 cows, or as much as 6 sheep? 
A. 5 horses for 4 mos. =20 horses for I mo 
15 cows for 3 mos. =30 hoi'ses for 1 mo. 
30 sheep for 5 mos. =50 horses for 1 mo. 

lUO horses for 1 mo. 
hence; 

100 horses for 1 mo =$50.00. 
1 horse for 1 mo. =$0.50. 
20 horses for 1 mo. =$10 A pays. 
3t) horses for 1 mo. =$15 B pays. 
50 horses for 1 mo. = f25 C pays Ans. 
Q. If 54'/, of brandy is alcohol, how many gallons, etc., of alcohol does a 
man swallow in 35 years, if he drinks a gill of brandy four times a day? 
(Count 8 leap years.) (Answer in gallons, quarts and gills.) 
A. 35 years — 8 year.°=27 common years. 
1 common year=365 days. 
27 common years =9,855 days. 
8 leap years=8X36rt days=2,928. 
9,855 days ; -2,928 days=r2,783 days. 

1 day's drinkinK=l pt. of brandy. 
12,783 days' drink ings= 12, 783 pts. of brandy. 
100 9; of brandy -12, 783 pts. 



23 

l^/c of brandy =127 .83 pts. 
5Q'/r of brandy=7, 158.48 pts. alcohol. 
7,158.48 pts. alcohol=894 gal., 3 qts., 1.72 gi. Ans. 
Q. An apothecary puts up 8 pounds Av. Rochelle salts in half-ounce par- 
cels. How many more parcels will he make if he uses avoirdupois weight thaa 
if he uses apothecaries? 

A. Total No. grains=56000. 

i oz. av.^2181; 56000^2 18|=2o6. 
h oz. apoth.=240; 56000^240=233 J. 



Ans. 22| 
Q. Mary's money is 40 9r more than Amie's. Then Amie's is how many 
per cent less than Mary's? 

A. lOO^r =Amie's money and 
140%=Mary's money. 
140 % — ioo % =40 </c dif . 
_140.'/t of Amie's money=100^ of Mary's. 
1^ of Amie's money=')7% of Mary's. 

■iO'r of Amie's money=40X% % =-"'/- '/c =28^- ^/r less than Mary's. Ans. 
Q. It is required to lay out a pasture of 235 A; , 36 sq. rds., in the form of 
a rectangle whose length shall be 4 times its width . What will be the di- 
mensions? (Answer in rods) 

A. 235 A., 36 sq. rds =37,636 sq. rds. By the conditions of the question, 
the rectangle is equal to 4 equal squares whose sides are the width of rectan- 
gle, and whose areas are i of 37,635 sq.rds. or f q 409 sq. rds. 9,409 sq. rds. 
=97 rd.«. width of rectangle. Length=4X97 rds. =388 rds. Ans. 

Q. If a publisher sells to a jobber a book at 20''^ above the cost of manu- 
facture, and the jobber sells to a retail merchant at 10% advance, who in turn 
makes 25% by selling it at $1.50, what is the cost of manufacture? 

A. 125% of cost to retail merchant=$1.50 

1% of cost to retail merchant= 0.012 

100% of cost to retail merchant= 1.20 

110% of jobber's price =^ 1.20 

1% of jobber's price = 0.0109Vii 

100 'y of jobber's price ^ 1.09^,11 

120% of cost of manufacture = 1.09i/ii 
1% of cost of manufacture = O.OO^'Jii 
100% of cost of manufacture = 0.90i^}it 
Q . A man desires to dig a cylindrical cistern 14 feet deep which shall 
hold 100 barrels of water. What will be its diameter in feet? (Answer cor- 
rect to two decimal places. ) 

A. 1 barrel of water=31V2 gallons. 
100 barrels of water=3,150 gallons, 

1 gallon=231 cu in. 
3,150 gallons=727, 650 cu. in. volume of cylinder 



24 



Diameter^ J volume 

NiuepthX'^xS.Uie 



J__!27650cir^ .=6. 19 ft. Ans. 

vi68m.Xl4X3.14l6 

Q. Two-thirds of the time past noon equals six twenty-fifths of the time 
past midnight. What is the hour? 

Ans. Time past noon -i-12 hrs. "time past midnight. Then by the condi- 
tions of question -'•■, time past noon=';L>.-> time past noon— "-/2r> hrs. or % time 
past noon—';!'.- time past noon="-'L>.-, hrs. 
Hence •^-'r.-, of time past noon- "-'2.-, hrs. 
3 it 
■ 75 72 
Time past noon= — X — hrs =-Vi hrs. or 8 hrs 45 m., p. m. Ans. 
32 25 




396 5% 27/- 189 

40 75% 605/j. 6U5 ' 7"': ^-^t 275 
9 396 189 3 

Then X ^ — — Ans. 

40 6U5 275 14 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. How many J-inch cubes are there in a 2-inch cube? 
A. 2 -J- 8; 8=' ^5 12. 

Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of like dimensions 

2. Picture the following problem by means of circlts: A boy had ^.s of a 
lb. of candy, and he bought -U lb. How much had he then? 

A. The boy had '.s lb. equal to 1 inch 

Fig. 1 . He bought as much as is represented by 2, 3, 4, in fig. 2 Each 
of the latter represents 2 of the former or %. He then has 'Ks+J^Vs lb. 

3. How many sq. yds. of plastering are there in a room 14 ft long, 12i ft. 
wide and 8-';! ft. high, hiving a baseboard 9 in high, if no allowance is made 
for doors and windows? 

A. 14 X2=28 ft. 8--! ft —2 ft.=7Hi2 ft. 

12^X2=25 ft 



53 ft. perimeter of room 
53X7"/i2=419"/i2 sq. ft. area of walls. 
14X12^ =175 sq. ft area of ceiling. 

594' 12 sq. ft. Total area to be plastered. 
o94"'i2^9=66"/i((8 sq. yds. Ans. 
4. I paid $2,075 for sugar, and sold it for ^%u of the cost, thereby losing 
I dollar per barrel. How many barrels did I buy? 

A. Selling for i"2o of cost, I lose ^20, or 5',/; 5'/f of &2,075= $103.75. 
$103.75 is 415 quarter dollars; hence 415 barrels. Ans. 



25 

5. From a wagon of bran I lose 50% . I sell 25 9, of what is left. What 
per cent of what I lost have I left? 

A. If I lose 50'/, or |. I have i left. I sell i of J, leaving | of J, or |. 

I is =1 of 4 or 75 '/i . Ans. 

6. What profit does a paper hanger realize on his sale of 1,000 rolls of 
paper costing him 8c a roll, if he sells Sd^; of it at 80 9, profit, but the rest at 
cost? 

A. Gain is t^ of $.<i8x800=^51.20. Ans. 

7. If a ball 3 in. in diameter weighs 3 lbs., what will a ball of the same 
material 6 in in diameter weigh? 

A. 31b. :(x) :: 3^ : 6" hence (x) is 24. 

Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of like dimensions. 

8. A boat in crossing a river 50o yai'ds wide drifted with the current 360 
yards. How far did it go? 

A. 360-'=12%00; 50()-'=25CO0O. 

129600+250000=379600 and 1' 379600=616 yds + 

9. Find the number of cu. ft. in a log 48 ft. long, diameter of lower end 
36 in, of the upper end 24 inches 

A. 36 in,=3 ft ; 3-=9 

24 in=2 ft; 2-' =4 

3X2=6 

48 
19X.78o4X— =238.7616 cu. ft. Ans. 
3 
The log is a frustum of a cone. 

10. A cistern is filled by 2 pipes, one of which can fill it in 2 hrs., and the 
other in 3 hrs. ; it is emptied by 3 pipes, the first of which will empty it in 5 
hrs.; the second in 6 hrs , and the th'rd in 7h hrs., if all the pipes are open, in 
what time will the cistern be filled? 

A. 1st pipe fills in 1 hour — 2 
2d pipe fills in 1 hour — J 



both pipes in 1 hr. fill •">(! 
■3d pipe in 1 hr empties % 
4t pipe in 1 hr empties \U 
6th pipe in 1 hr. empties -i.- 

3 pipes in 1 hr. empty '•'.••.d— i 



in 1 hr. there is left in cistern J 

hence time required=3 hours. Ans. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define: (a) commission, (b) drafts, (c) bills of exchange, (d) dividends, 
(e) stocks, (f) bonds. 

A . (a) Commission is the percentage paid the commission merchant to 



26 

do business, (b) Drafts are written orders of one person or company for the 
payment of money, (c) Bills of exchange are drafts on persons or companies 
in a distant place, (d) Dividends are sums of money to be paid to the stock- 
holdei's out of net earnings, (e) Stock is the capital of the corporation in- 
vested in business, (f) A bond is a written or printed obligation, under seal, 
securing the payment of a certain sum of money at or before a specified time. 

2. Henry spent -'i 1 of his money and then received $65; he then lost | 
of all his money and had left $10 less than at first. How much had he at 
first? 

Solution. First money — -n of it ''n of 1st money — 1st remainder 'Jh money 
-\-%Q5 next amount; losing i of it he had left J of it which is, "u of 1st money 
-[-S'*-yi. If he had had 110 more this would equal 1st money; that is "U of it-f 
$1*^% equals the whole; hence •'•}! i of it— $i"-'4 and the whole was ^t-!.-, of ^^'}i^= 
133. Ans. 

3. The difference in time between London and Washington is 5 hrs. 8 min. 
4 sec. What is the diffei ence of longitude? 

Solution 5 hrs 8 min 4 sec. 

15 

77° 1' Diff. in Long 

4. How many gallons in a cylindrical tub 6 ft in diameter and 8 ft. deep. 
Solution. Rule: Reduce to inches. Multiply the square of the diameter 

by the height and this by .0034 

72XT2X96X- 0034 =1690. 1376 gal. Ans. 

5. If 18 men in 17 days build a wall 40 rods long, 5 feet high. 4 ft. thick, 
in what time could 2) men build a wall 87 rods long, 8 ft. high, and 5 ft. thick? 

Solution: 20:18 

40:87 : : 17 : ( ) 
5:8 
4:.5 Ans.=66iii/20(t days 

6. Took a risk at 2^(/f ; reinsured ■'/.-, of it at 2^% ; my share of the com- 
mission was $197.13. How large was the risk? 

Solution. % of 2h='h: 2^<f, — %=='^^, ; 

1197. i;^-: .0075^$26284. Ans 

7. The diagonal of a square is 18 rods. What is the area? 
Solution. Rule: Square of the diagc>nal - 2Xarea. 

18- 324 which is twice area or 162 sq. rods=Ans. 

8. 4iX4JX4J-l i%Xi%X>%-l -^''^-iT 

=-21704^,j^42.-,4^ 

1 mi. 



4JX4J— 1 i%X''%— 1 +*^"/2- 




VIN 


0^'± /.J 


l,s . 


Add: 77 mi., 146J rds.; 10 mi. 14 rds 7 ft 


. 6 in; 


209.6 rds 


16 ft 2J in ; 


12 rds. 8 ft 8.726 in. 










mi. 


rd. 




ft. 


in. 


Solution: -/- mi = 


91 




7 


.8571.7 


146 J rds = 


146 




5 


6.000 


10 


14 




7 


6.000 


209.6 rds = 


209 




9 
16 


10.800 
2.500 


1 


12 




8 


8.726 


11 


475 




54 


34.8831 7 
10 .8831 7 • 


12 mi. 


155 r 


•ds. 


5 ft. 


4.8831 7 in, 



27 

10 A broker invested $36,000 in quick silver preferred stock, 40'/f. If 
the stock pays 409^ what is the income derived? 

Solution: $36,000^$40=900 shares; $4X900=.$3,600 Ans. 
Or thus: $4 income on $40 investment— 10 '/r, 
lOr/o of $36,000=$3,600 Ans. 

ARITHMETIC 

1. State in the order of their relative importance the several parts or 
topics contained in the ordinary text book of arithmetic. 

Ans. Notation and numeration; fundamental rules; fractions, both com- 
mon and decimal; percentage and its application; denominate numbers, pro- 
portion, evolution, mensuration. 

2. If the 5c loaf of bread weighs 10 oz. when flour is $7.50 per bbl., what 
should it weigh when flour is $6.25 per bbl? 

Ans. "•'5%25X10 oz.=12 oz. Ans. 

3. If 7 men and 5 boys can do a piece of work in 8 days, in what time 
can 10 men and 10 boys do the same, if a boy does % as much as a man? 

Ans. 7 men and 5 boys are equivalent to 10 men. 

10 men and 10 boys are equivalent to 16 men. 
16:I0::8:x. x=5 Ans. 

4. The cost of polishing 5 faces of a cubical block of granite at Ic a 
square inch was $7.50. What was the length of one edge? 

Ans. $7.50^5=$!. 50 cost of polishing 1 face. 

1 face contains 150 sq. in. and y 150=12.247 in. Ans. 
Z. A rectangular pastui^e is twice as long as it is wide, and its area is 5 
acres. Find the cost of a fence around it at 50 cts a rod. 

Ans. The pasture is equivalent to 2 squares each 2JA=400 sq. rds. 

y400=20. The pasture is 40 rods long and 20 rods wide or 120 rods 

around. 120X$.50=$60. Ans. 

6. A and B had equal capital. A gains T12 and B ^--Lm of his capital; B's 
gain was $250 less than A's. What was the capital of each? 

Ans vi 2 capital— i-Yi't capital=^ -21 capital, which is $2-50; hence capital of 
each=24 X$"250=$6,000. Ans. 

7. Sold two farms at $3,780 each, losing l2|';/f on one and gaining 12^ '/o 
on the other. Did I gain or lose by the transaction, and how much? 

Ans. $3,780="/s of $4,320, cost of the first. 

$3,780=% of $3,360, cost of the second 



$7,680, cost of both. 

$7, 560, selling price of both. 



$120, Loss. 
8. I wish to borrow $1,552.95 from a bank. For what sum due 60 days 
hence must I give my note to receive that sum if the bank discounts it at 8%? 
Ans If "due" is a misprint for 

"payable" the solution is: If "due" stands for what it means: 



I 1 

12 I 021 1.00 
I 8 .014 



1 

02 1.00 

8 Oil; 

I — 



12 



.014 .986 1 1552.95 I $157.5. Ans | OVr. .98-'3 | 1552 95 | $1573.91+ 

Ans. 



28 

9. C and D engage in partnership for 18 mos C at first contributed $600 
and at the end of 10 mos $400 more. D at first contributed $900 but at the end 
of 8 mos. drew out $300. Divide the loss of $510. 

Ans. C. $600 for 10 mos ==$6,000 for 1 mo. 
$1,000 for 8 mos.= 8,000 for 1 mo. 



C has in all $14,000 for 1 mo. 
D. $900 for 8 mos. =$7, 200 for 1 mo. 
for 10 mos. =$6, 000 for 1 mo. 



D has in all f 13, 200 for 1 mo. 
140—35 35X$'7J=$262.50 C. Ans. 

132—33 

681^10 I 7h 33X$7i=$247.50 D. Ans. 

10. A flag pole in the form of a complete cone is 2^ feet in diameter at 
surface of the ground and 150 ft. in slant height; how many yds. of inch ribbon 
will it require to wind around it flatwise and spirally, from bottom to top in 
such a manner as to leave a continuous space 2 inches wide between the parts 
or convolutions of the spiral? 

Ans. 2i ft =30 in. ; 30 in y3. 1416=94. 248 circumf. 
V2 slant height=75 ft. or 900 inches. 
94.248X900=84,823 2 sq. in. convex surface. 
Of this ^.'i or 28,274 4 sq. in. are to be covered. 
One yard of inch ribbon has 36 square inches. 
28,274.4-36=785.4 yards. Ans. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1. If I sell If, of ''A; of an article for what — cost, what 9, do I gain? 



Ans. % of %=^<!; — =%. 

If I sell -/It or yio for what % or "/12 cost me. I gain Vs or 12gf/f . Ans. 

2. I bought green,' coffee at 18c per lb. I roasted it, losing 10</; of the 
weight in the process. How must I sell it per lb to gain 20^f after allowing 
4% forbad debts? 

Ans. i%X'"5iX%X-%4=25c. Ans. 

3. How many inches must A, B and C respectively, grind off of a partner- 
ship grindstone 2 ft. 10 in. in diameter so that each may get an equal share; 
allowing 8 in. for aperture? 

Ans. 2 ft. 10 in. =34 in. or 17 in. for radius of whole circle. Radios of 
aperture=4 in ; area of stone face=(289.16)X3 1416=273X2.1416 sq. in. Each 
is entitled to 91X3.1416 sq. in. 

Hence 9lX3-1416+aperture was left by second man; 
182> 3 1416- aperture was left by first man. 
(16+ 91) X3 1416=107X3 1416=2d circle left. 



29 

(16+182) X3.1416=198X3.1416=lst circle left. 
But area of circle divided by 3.1416=square of radius. 
Hence V 16+91^/107= 10.34 in. radius 2d man left. 
10.34—4=6,24 in. Ans. 



V'l6+l82=l/l98=14.07 in. 1st radius left. 
14.07 in . —10 .34 in. =3. 73 in. Ans. 
17 in— 14 07 in=2.93 in. Ans. 

4. Sold a lot of apples at 30 Vf profit. If the cost had been $300 more I 
would have lost 30 <;^ . How much did I pay for them? 

A. -30% profit=^%o of cost; 30% less="/io of cost. 
i%o oost=yio of (cost+$300). 
i%o cost=yio cost+$210. 
%o Cost=$210. 
Cost=$350. Ans. 

5. A wooden beam 4 in thick and 6 ft. long is 9 in wide at one end and 
12 in. wide at the other. How far from the larger end must the beam be cut, 
straight across, so that the solidities of the two parts may be equal? 

A . This seems to me an algebraic problem and I answer it as such. 




9+12 

Solution. Area of trapezoid= X72=756 

2 
One half of this=378 
12+x 756— 12y 9+x 

Xy=378, or 12y+xy=756; x= ; x (72— y) 

2 y 2 

108^9y 
=378 or 648— 9y+72x— xy=756, or 72x— xy— 9y=108: x= 



72 -y 
756— 12y 108--9y 

= or, 54432— 756y—864y+12y2=108y+9y-; 3y-'—1728y=— 54432; 

y 72— y 

or y-—576y=— 18144 



y=288— 1/82944-18144 or y =288— 1/64800 
y=288— 254.56 or 33.44+in. Ans. 
6. If 90i')ii cents in gold will buy a paper dollar, what is the premium on 



gold. 



30 

100 

Ans XlOO - 110 or 10'/;^ prem. 

901 "i I 

7. A company has a capital stock of *175,000. Mr. B who owns 75 shares, 
receives a dividend of $937.50 What is i he entire dividend? 

A. 1 "■■>'75 or "/:VX 937 50= $2187. 50. Ans. 

8. What sum invested in U. S 3"r bonds at 108 will yield annual income 
of $715. 50 in currency, when gold is at 106? 

A. 715.50 675 

=$675 gold; =$22500 par; $22500X1. 08 =$24300. Ans. 

1.06 03 

9. How many globes each 8 in. in diam. would equal in surface a globe 
40 in. in diameter? 

A. 40^8^5; 52=^25. Ans. 

10. If 5 printers in 27 days of 9 hours each can set the the type in 18 
sheets of 24 pages each, 2 columns to page, 42 lines to the column and 30 ems 
to line; how many hours a day should 9 printers work for 28 days to set type 
for 32 sheets of 36 pages each with one column to the page, 49 lines to the col- 
umn and 40 ems to the line? 

Ans. 9:5 ] 

28:27 I 

18:32 I 

24:36 \ ::9: ( ) 

2:1 I 

42:49 I 

30:40 J Ans. 10. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What are the respective provinces of language work and grammar? 
Ans. The object of language work is to drill pupils in the correct use 

of language, both written and spoken; while the study of grammar simply 
considers the sentences and teaches the habit of using sentences correctly. 
In other words, there are to interpret the sentences as written by others 
and to beget two parts of grammar: Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Under what head may errors in English be grouped? 

Ans. Errors may be grouped under four heads: 1. Too few words; 2. too 
many words; 3. improper words and expressions; 4. improper constructions. 

3. Define inflection. Name the divisions of inflection and define each. 
What parts of soeech are not inflected V 

Ans. Inflection means change of form, principally chgnge of ending, to 
show grammatical relations. The divisions of inflection are declension, 
conjugation, and according to some of the authorities, comparison. 
Declension is the arrangement of the cases of nouns and pronouns in the 
two numbers. 

Conjugation is the regular arrangement of all the forms of the verb. 
Comparison is a modification of some adjectives and adverbs to express the 
relative degree of the quality or quantity in the things compared. 
Prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are not inflected. 

4. Fill each blank with a personal pronoun, of third person, singular 
number, masculine gender: 



31 

(a) It was Ans. It was he. 

(b) I desire to be Ans. I desire to be he. 

(c) I thought it was Ans. I thought it was he. 

(d) I took it to be Ans. I took it to be him. 

(e) I never thought of its being Ans. I never thought of its 

being he. 

5. Write short sentences illustrating three constructions of adjectives. 
Ans. (a) This valuable present 1 received yesterday. 

(b) This present is valuable. 

(c) I found this present to be valuable. 

6. Give the constructions of each infinitive and participle in the follow- 
ing sentences : 

(a) We ought to attend to the matter. 

(b) I found him wandering about the town. 

(c) We happened to be there when he came. 

(d) I kept him moving. 

Ans. (a) To attend is part of the verb phrase, or it may be said to 
modify "ought." 

(b) Wandering is used as an objective complement. 

(c) To be is similar in construction to "to attend" in (a); — Some call 
it adverbial modifier of "happened". 

(d) Moving is objective complement or may be called second part of the 
double object. 

7. Give the clause constructions or relations in the following sentence: 
I wish you would take this also into consideration, that what we say is 
really for your own good. 

Ans. (a) "I wish" is the principal clause. 

(b) All that follows "wish" is an objective clause. 

(c) "that what we say is really for your own good" is explanatory of 
"this. " 

(d) "what we say" is a subject clause in (c). 

8. Name the elements found in the following verb phrases: 

(a) Emphatic. Ans. It is composed of some form of the auxiliary 
"do" and the present infinitive of the verb. 

(b) Progressive. Ans. jt is composed of some form of the auxiliary 
"to be" and the present participle of the verb. 

(c) Future. Ans. It is omposed of the auxiliaries 'shall or will" 
and the present infinitive of the verb. 

(d) Passive. Ans. It is composed of some form of the auxiliary "to 
be" and the perfect participle of the verb. 

(e) Pluperfect or past perfect. Ans. It is composed of the auxiliary 
"had" and the perfect participle of the verb. In the passive voice it is 
composed of "had been" and the perfect participle of the verb. 

9. What change comes to a word through each of these suffixes? 

(a) ous. Ans. Abounding in. 

(b) ness. Ans. Quality of being. 



(c) 


ed. 


Ans. 


Denotes past time. 


(e) 


en. 


Ans. 


Denotes "little" as chick-en; 
as wood-en. 


(f) 


th. 


Ans. 


State of being: as tru-t'h. 


(g) 


ing. 


Ans. 


Denotes progression. 


(h) 


y- 


Ans. 


Having qualities of. 


U) 


ly. 


Ans. 


Like. 


(J) 


ish. 


Ans. 


Having qualities of. 


(k) 


able 


. Ans 


That may be. 



32 

also denotes "material' 



10, Outline one of the following topics and write upon the one selected 
an essay of about one hundred words in the order of the outline: 

(a) A model stock farm, (b) Manuel training, (c) Preparation of 
charcoal, (d) Travel by rail and by steamer. 

Ans. (d) These means of travel may be compared under (1) Speed, (2) 
Cost, (3) Comfort; as to (a) meals, (b) sleeping accommodations, (c) space 
of movement, (d) fresh air. (e) quiet. (4) Scenery— (a) beauty, 
(b) position of traveler, (c) time allowed. (5) Accessibility of railroad or 
steamer to the mass of the people. 

In comparing travel by rail or by steamer as to speed, we will un- 
doubtedly decide in favor of the railroad; as to cost, the decision is in 
favor of the steamer; as to comfort, the modern palace car is far superior 
to the steamer in meals and sleeping accommodations, but inferior in space 
for movement, fresh air and quiet. The steamer furnishes in every way 
the best way to view scenery. Railroads are to the mass of the people 
far more accessible than steamers. 

GRAMMAR. 

1) A man he was to all the country dear, 

2) And passing rich with forty pounds a year; 

3) Remote from towns he ran his godly race; 

4) Nor e'er had changed, nor wished to change his place. 

5) Unpracticed he to fawn, or seek for power, 

6) By doctrines fas'ioned to the varying hour; 

7) For other aims his heart had learned to prize, 

8) More skilled to raise the wretched than to rise; 

9) His house was known to all the vagrant train 

10) He chid their wanderings but relieved their pain; 

11) The long n membered beggar was his guest, 

12) Whose beard descending swept his aged breast; 

13) The ruined spendthrift, now no longer proud, 

14) Claimed kindred those, and had his claims allowed. 

15) The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay, 

16) Sat by his fire, and talked the night away, 

17) Wept o'er his wounds, or, tales of sorrow done, 

18) Shouldered his crutch and showed how fields were won. 
The next five questions refer to the above selection. 



33 

1. Select the principal clauses. 

Ans. Lines (1) and (2) ; lines (3) and (4); lines (5) and (6); 
line (7) and line (8) as far as "wret-'hed"; lines (9) and (10); line (11); 
lines (13) and (14); lines (15) and (16); line (17) and line (18) as far as 
showed" 

2 Select and classify the subordinate clauses. 

Ans. Line (8) "than to rise" equivalent to "than he was skilled to 
rise" — this is an adverb clause limiting the comparative "more". Line 
(12)— this as an adjective (relative) clause limiting "beggar." In line 
(18) "how fields were won"— This is an object clause (noun clause), direct 
object of "showed." 

3. Give the syntax of each infinitive. 

Ans. "to change" in line (4), direct object of "wished"; "to fawn" 
in line (5), construction of an adverb limiting unpracticed" ; "to seek" 
inline (5), same construction as "to fawn"; "to prize" inline (7), 
direct object of learned;" "to raise" in line (8), construction of adverb 
limiting "skilled;" "to rise" in line (S), same construction as "to 
raise''; "to stay" in line (15), object of "bade " 

4. Give the syntax of each participle. 

Ans. "passing" in line (2), construction of adverb limiting "rich;" 
''fashioned" inline (6), construction of adjective limiting "doctrines;" 
" descending" in line (13), adjective limiting "beard;" "ruined" in (13) 
and "broken" in (15) are adjectives, not participles; "done" in (17), 
construction of adjective limiting "sorrow." 

N. B.— I did not mention those participles in (4), (7), (9), (14), (18), 
which are essential parts of the verbs. 

5. Give the syntax of man (line 1), he (5), aims( 7), guest (11). 
Ans (l) "man" is a noun, com. 3rd pers. sing. mas. nom. predicate;" 

(5) "he" is a pronoun, pers. 3rd pers. sing. masc. nom. Subject of 
"was," understood. (7) "aims" is a noun, com. 3rd pers. plur. neut. obj. 
dir. object of "to prize." (11) "guest" is a noun, com. 3rd. pers. masc. 
sing. nom. "predicate of sentence. " 

6. Give the syntax of the words in CAPITAL LETTERS. 

(a) News much older than their ALE went round. 

Ans. "Ale" is a noun, com. 3rd pers. sing. neut. nom. case. Subject 
of the subordinate clause: "than their ale was old." 

(b) They selected him PRESIDENT. 

Ans. "president" is a noun, com. 3rd sing. masc. obj. — "objective 
complement. " 

(c) He walked a MILE. 

Ans. "mile" is a noun, com. 3rd sing, neut., obj. without governing 
word. 

(d) I knew HIM to be the MAN. 

Ans. "him" is pers. pron. obj. subject of "to be"; "man" is a com- 
mon noun, obj. case, predicate of "to be". 

(e) .The DAY being spent, they returned. 



34 

Ans. "day"' is noun, com. 3rd p., sing., neut., nom. absolute with par- 
ticiple "being spent." 

7. Parse the words in capital letters: 

(a) THERE are two persons present. 
Ans. "There" is an expletive. 

(b) A man named BROWN was elected. 

Ans, "Brown" is a noun, proper, masc. 3rd sing., nom. appositive with 
"man. " 

(c) SUCH AS 1 have give I unto thee. 

Ans. "such" is an adj. pron., 3d. pers. gender and number unknown, 
obj. case, direct obj. of "give"; "as" is a rel. pron., its antec. is "such", 
3d per., gend. and number not known, obj. case, object of "have." 

(d) That patent of JOHN'S has been granted. 

There are various opinions on this construction. I prefer to call 
"John's" a colloquialism for "John" and parse it as a proper noun, obj. 
case; object of the preposition "of". Others would call "John's" posseess- 
ive case, limiting "patent", understood. 

8. Write sentence containing: (a) a clause in apposition with a noun. 
Ans. The question: "How long will the war last?" cannot be answered 

satisfactorily. 

(b) A clause used as an attribute complement. 
Ans. The fact is, the enterjirise cannot succeed. 

9. niustrate the use of the following words as adverbs: 

(a) all. Ans. I am all alone. 

(b) but. Ans. We can but fail. 

(c) enough. Ans. He has worried enough. 

(d) till. Ans. We will stay till you return. 

(e) full. Ans. He is full twelve years old. 

10. Write sentences showing 10 constructions of nouns. 

Ans. (1) subject: GOLD is valuble. (2) predicate: Gold is a METAL. 
(3) appositive: Wilson, the LAWYER, is sick. (4) obj. of trans, verb: 
We study GRAMMAR. (5) obj. of prep.: He goes to SCHOOL. (6) 
possessive: JOHN'S book is lost. (7) adverbial : He ran a MILE. (8) 
Indep. : CHILDREN, come here. (9) Absolute: HONOR lost, all lost. 
(10) obj. comp. : He made him FOREMAN. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Give five rules for forming the plurals of nouns. Illustrate each. 
A. (1) The plural of nouns is regularly formed by adding "s" to the 
singular; as, "boys." 

(2) Nouns ending in "o" preceeded by a vowel add s: as "bamboos." 

(3) Letters, figures and signs form the plural by adding s preceded by 
apostrophe; as — 's. 

(4) Some nouns form the plural irregularly; as "man" plural "men". 

(5) Common nouns ending in "y" after a consonant change "y" to 
"i" and add es; as "lady", plural "ladies." 



35 



2. Give rules for forming the singular and plural possessives. 

A. (1) Singular possessive is formed by adding apostrophe and s to the 
nominative singular. 

(2) Plural possessive is formed by merely adding apostrophe if nominat- 
ive plural ends in s, otherwise add apostrophe and s. 

3. Name all the elements that may enter into the make-up of a 
sentence 

A. Subject, predicate, adjective element, adverbial element, objective 
element. 

4. Give principal parts of lie (to recline), lay, say, dally, jockey, 
inge, traffic, dye, set, shall. 

Ans. Present, 
lie 
lay 
say 
dally 
jockey 
singe 
traffic 
dye 
set 
shall 

5. Define: Redundant verb, 
regular verb, irregular verb. 

A. (a) A verb having two or more forms for the past tense or perfect 
participle, (b) A verb, some of whose parts are wanting, (c) A verb which 
forms past tense and perfect participle by a change of the vowel of the 
present, (d) A verb forming past tense and perfect participle by adding 
ed, d, or t. (e) Same as weak verb, (f) Same as strong verb. 

6. What faculties are exercised in the study of language and at what 
stage of the pupil's progress should it be introduced? 

A. Reason, observation and memory are exercised by the study of lan- 
guage directly and all the others indirectly. Hence it should be begun as 
soon as, if not before, the child enters school. 

7. Correct the errors, if any, in the following sentences, and give the 
reason for the correction: 

(a) He is the very man that we want, (b) I expected some such an 
offer, (c) Velvet feels smooth (d) America was discovered during 
Ferdinand's and Isabella's reign, (e) This is my wife's father's barn. 

A. (a) "He is the very man." It was superfluous, (b) "I ex- 
pected some such offer." After "some such" the article should be omitted, 
(c) "Velvet feels smooth." (Correct.) (d) "America was discovered 
during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella." They reigned in conjunction, 
whereas, the two possessives indicate separate reigns, (e) "This is the 
barn of my wife's father." If possible avoid the double possessive. 



Past. 


Perfect Part. 


lay 




lain 


laid 




laid 


said 




said 


dallied 




dallied 


jockeyed 




jockeyed 


singed 




singed 


trafficked 


■ 


trafficked 


dyed 




dyed 


set 




set 


should 




(wanting) 


defective verb. 


strong 


verb, weak verb, 



36 



8. Give synopsis of the verb "choose" in first person, singular num- 



ber. 
A. 



Indicative Mode. 
Tense. 
Present, 

Present Perfect, 
Past, 

Past Perfect, 
Future, 
Future Perfect, 



Plural. 

We choose. 

We have chosen. 

We chose. 

We had chosen, 

We shall choose. 

We shall have chosen. 



Tense. 

Present, 

Present Perfect, 

Past, 

Past Perfect, 

Future, 

Future Perfect, 

Present, 

Past, 

Past Perfect, 

Present, 



Singular. 
I choose, 
I have chosen, 
I chose, 
I had chosen, 
I shall choose, 
I shall have chosen, 
Indicative Mode. 
Active Voice. Passive Voice. 

I choose, I am chosen. 

I have chosen, I have been chosen. 

I chose, I was chosen. 

I had chosen, I had been chosen. 

I shall choose, I shall be chosen. 

I shall have chosen, I shall have been chosen. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
If I choose. If I be chosen 

If I chose, If I were chosen. 

If I had chosen, If I had been chosen. 

Potential Mode. 

I may be chosen. 



I may have been chosen. 

I might be chosen. 

I might have been chusen. 



I may choose, 
Present Perfect, I may have chosen. 
Past, I might choose. 

Past Perfect, I might have chosen, 

9. Analyze or diagram : 

"If changing cheek, and scorching vein, 
LIPS taught to writhe, but not COMPLAIN, 
If bursting heart, and maddening brain. 
And daring deed, and vengeful steel, 
And ALL that I have felt and feel, 
BETOKEN love- that LOVE was mine." 

10. Parse the capitalized words in the foregoing selection. 

A. "Lips" — Noun, com., 3rd., sing, n., neuter gen., nom. case, subject 
of subordinate proposition. 

"Complain"— Verb, reg., intrans., act. voice, infinitive mode with con- 
struction of a noun in objective case after trans, verb, "taught". 

"If "—Subordinate conjunction connecting the subordinate with the 
principal clause. 

"Ail" — Pron. Adj., nominative case, one of the subjects of dependent 
clause. 

"Betoken"— Verb, reg., trans., act. voice, subj. mode, pres. tense, 3rd. 
per., plural num., agreeing with "cheek," "heart,"' "brain," etc., for 
its subject. 



37 

"Love" — Noun, com., sing, num., neut. gen., 3d per., nom. case, sub- 
ject of the principal clause. 

GRAMMAR. 

l.« State rules governing the spelling of (1) forgetting, (2) differing, 
(3) living, (4) singeing, (5) Musselmans. 

A. (1) Monosyllables and v^rords accented on the last syllable ending 
with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final con- 
sonant on receiving a termination beginning with a vowel. 

(2) Accented on first syllable therefore does not come under rule (1). 

(3) Final "e" is omitted before tei'minations beginning with a vowel. 

(4) "Singeing" is an exception to rule (3) to distinguish it from 
"singing". 

(5) Is not a compound of "man" and so adds "s". 

2. Write plurals of : Mr. Brown, talisman, sheaf, handful, music, 
canto, analysis, seraph, alkali. 

A. Messrs. Brown, talismans, sheaves, handfuls, music (has no plural 
form), cantos, analyses, seraphim or seraphs, alkalis or alkalies. 

3. Define auxiliary verbs and give a list of verbs commonly used as 
auxiliaries. 

A. Auxiliary verbs are those verbs which assist in the conjugation of 
other verbs. 

They are: Be or am, will, shall, do, may, can, must, has, have, is, been, 
might, could, would, should. 

4. Name and define the properties of verbs. 

A. (1) The properties of verbs are: (a) voice, (b) mode, (c) tense, 
(d) number, (e) person. 

(2) (a) Property of transitive verb which shows whether the subject 
names the Actor or Thing acted upon. 

(b) Property of verb which denotes the manner of asserting the action 
or being. 

(c) Modification of the verb which expresses the time of the action be- 
ing. 

(d) and (e) are modifications of the verb to denote its agretment with 
subject. 

5. What is the relation of language to knowledge, and what is the rel- 
ative importance of each? 

A. Language is the great medium through which knowledge is communi- 
cated. One cannot exist without the other to any great degree. Knowledge 
is the more important of the two. 

6. Define: (a) Idiom, sentence, phrase, clause; (b) illustrate each. 
A. (a) Idiom is the peculiar structural form of any language. Sentence 

is an assemblage of words containing a subject and predicate. Phrase is a 
group of words denoting related ideas, but not expressing a thought. Clause 
is a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and a predicate, 
(b) Idiom, as: I can "make nothing" of it. 

Sentence: He will write a word. 



38 



Phrase: I came "with him". 
Cliuse: They "that study" will learn. 
7. Correct the errors, if any, in the following sentences, 
reasons for the correction: 



and give 



(a) Love thyself last, and others will love you. 

(b) The wisest men who ever lived made mistakes. 

(c) There is a difference between the sin and sinner. 

(d) I have no doubt of the writer being a scholar. 

(e) The opinion is becoming more universal. 
A. (a) "Love thyself last and others will love thee. 

style or form of speech should be employed. 

(b) "The wisest men have niade mistakes." 
proper tense form and contains unnecessary words. 

(c) "There is a difference between the sin and the sinner, 
article should be repeated to make plain the distinction. 

(d) "I have no doubt of the writer's being a scholar." Writer is in 
the possessive case and should have the possessive form. 

(e) "The opinion is becoming more general" or prevalent. Universal 
is too comprehensive a term. 

8. Give a synopsis of the verb "see'' in the third person singular num. 
A. Indicative Mode. 

Active Voice. Passive Voice. 



The same 



The sentence is an im- 



The 



Present Tense, 
Present Perfect Tense, 
Past Tense, 
Past Perfect Tense, 
Future Tense, 
Future Perfect Tense, 

Present Tense, 
Past Tense, 
Past Perfect, 

Present Tense, 
Present Perf. Tense, 
Past 

Past Perfect Tense, 
9. 



He sees. 

He has seen. 

He saw. 

He had seen. 

He will see, 

He will have seen, 
Subjunctive Mode 

If he see, 

If he Saw, 

If he had seen. 

Potential Mode. 

He may see. 

He may have seen. 

He might see, 

He might have seen. 
Analyze or diagram: 

AS thistles wear the softest down 
To HIDE the prickles TILL they're grown, 
And then declare themselves, and tear 
Whatever ventures TO COME near, 
SO a smooth knave does greater feats 
Than ONE that idly rails and threats, 
And all the MISCHIEF that he meant. 
Does LIKE the rattlesnake PREVENT. 



He is seen. 

He has been seen. 

He was seen. 

He had been seen. 

He will be seen. 

He will have been 



If he is seen. 
If he was seen. 
If he had been seen. 

He may be seen. 

He may have been seen. 

He might have se^n. 

He might have been seen. 



39 

10. Parse the capitalized words in the ahove sentence. 

A. "As" is correlative conjunction with "so". "To hide" is an in- 
finitive with the construction of an adverb modifying "wear". "Till" is 
conjunctive adverb modifying both "to hide" and "grown." "To come" 
is an infinitive with the construction of a noun, sing, num., 3d per., neut. 
gen., obj. case, completing "ventures". "So", see above. "One" is pro- 
nominal adjective, sing, num., com. gen., 3rd per, , nom. case., subject 
of dependent clause. "Mischief", noun, sing, num., neut. gen., 3d per. , 
obj. case, completing "does prevent. " "Like" is a subordinate conjunction, 
connecting "does prevent" with the subordinate modifying clause. "Pre- 
vent" is verb, regular, transitive, active, indicative, pres., 3d., sing., 
agreeing with its subject "knave." 

GRAMMAR. 

"Soon o'er the yellow fields, in silent and mournful procession, 
Came from the neighboring farms and hamlets the Arcadian women. 
Driving in ponderous vans their household goods to the seashore. " 

1. What kind of sentence is the above (a) as to structure? (b) as to 
use? 

Ans. (a) It is a simple sentence. (b) It is a declarative sentence. 

2. Classify the phrases according to use; what does each modify? 
Ans. "o'er the yellow fields" is a prepositional phrase, adveroial modi- 
fier of "came. " 

"in silent and mournful procession" is a prepositional phrase, 
adverbial modifier of came. 

"from the neighboring farms and hamlets" is a prepositional 
phrase, adverbial modifier of "came". 

"in ponderous vans" is a prepositional phrase, adverbial mod- 
ifier of "driving". 

"to the seashore" is a prepositional phrase, adverbial modifier of 
"driving". 

3. Parse: (a) Soon, (b) came, (c) neighboring, (d) their, (e) goods. 
Ans. (a) "Soon'' is an adverb of time, modifying "came", (b) "Came" 

is a verb, irreg. (come, came, come), intrans., ind. mode, past tense, 
3d per. , plur. to agree with its subject, "women", (c) "Neighboring" 
is a d' scriptive adjective, limiting "farms" and "hamlets", (d) "Their" 
is a pron., pers., ant. is "women," 3d pers., fem., plu., poss. case, limit- 
ing "goods", (e) "Goods" is a noun, com., 3rd pers., plu., neut., obj. 
case, object of driving". 

4. Construct sentences containing (a) noun clause, (b) adjective clause 
(c) adverbial clause. 

Ans. (a) "How the matter will end," is uncertain. 

(b) A man "who is capable" can find employment. 

(c) It was so cold "that the mercury froze." 

5. Justify the construction of the verb in the following: (a) The 
com-nittee has made its report, (b) The committee have left the building. 



40 

Ans. In (a) we think of the committee as a whole, conveying idea of 
singularity. In (b) we think of members of the committee conveying idea 
of plurality. 

6. Write sentences using the participle (a) attributively, (b) apposi- 
tively, (c) predicatively and (d) absolutely. 

Ans. (a) The "dying" hero was honored by his countrymen. 

(b) The hero, "dying", ended his noble life. 

(c) The boy came "running". 

(d) "Properly speaking", there is nothing like chance. 

7. What is an infinitive? What constructions may it have? Illustrate. 
Ans. An infinitive is a word derived from a verb, generally formed by 

composition, and has construction of (1) noun, (2) adj., (3) adv , (4) indep. 
Ans. (1) "To study" is my delight. (2) He has a house "to rent". 
(3) This horse travels "to suit" me. (4) "To be or not to be", that is the 
question. 

8. What may the predicate of a sentence be? 

Ans. The predicate may be a noun, an adjective, a praticiple, an infin- 
itive, a phrase, or a clause. 

9. Give a synopsis of the verb "ride". 

Ind. mode: I ride, I rode, I shall ride, I have ridden, I had ridden, i 
shall have ridden. 

Subj. mode: If I ride. If I rode, If I had ridden. 

Pot. mode: I may ride, I might ride, I may have ridden, I might have 
ridden. 

10. Analyze or diagram: 

"I know not where his islands lift 
Their fronded palms in air; 
I only know I cannot drift 
Beyond his love and care." 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Write (a) a simple, (b) a complex, (c) a compound sentence. 

Ans. (a) Studying diligently you will succeed. (b) If you study dil- 
igently you will succeed. (c) Study diligently and you will succeed. 

2. Conjugate "be" in the subjunctive mode. 

Ans. Present Tense. Past Tense, Past Perfect Tense 

If I be, If I were. If I had been, 

If thou be. If thou wert, If thou hadst been, 

If he be. If he were. If he had been, 

If we be, If we were, If we had been, 

If you be. If you were, If you had been. 

If they be. If they were. If they had been, 

3. What is (a) mode, (b) tense, (c) person, (d) number? 

Ans. (a) Mode is the manner in which the action, being or state is ex- 
pressed, (b) Tense denotes time of an action or event. (c) and (d) 
Person and number of verbs are their modifications, to max'k the agreement 



41 

with their subjects, (c) In nouns and pronouns, person distinguishes the 
speaker, person addressed or person spoken of. (d) In nouns and pronouns 
distinguishes one from more than one. 

4. Give the principal parts of the following: (a) Bear, bore, borne; 
(b) befall, befell, befallen; (c) bereave, bereft, bereft; (d) bite, bit, bit- 
ten; (e) clothe, clad, clad; (f) fly, flew, flown; (g) forsake, forsook, for- 
saken; (h) sew, sewed, sewn; (i) slay, slew, slain. 

5. Diagram or analyze: 

"We hope, we aspire, we resolve, we trust, 
When the morning calls us to life and light; 
But our hearts grow weary, and ere the night. 
Our lives are trailing in the sordid dust." 

6. Parse the capitalized words: Not a WORD TO EACH OTHER. 
We KEPT the great PACE-^ECK BY NECK, STRIDE BY STRIDE, 
never CHANGING our PACE. 

Ans. "Word" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj. case, object of verb 
understood; "to" is a preposition showing relat. between verb and "other" ; 
"each" is a pron. adj., used as a noun, 3d, sing., masc, ncm. case sub- 
ject; "other" is a pron. adj., used as a noun, 3d, sing., masc, obj case, 
obj. of "to"; "kept" is a verb, irreg., trans., act., ind., past, 1st, plu. 
to agree with "we"; "pace" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj., object 
of verb "kept"; "neck ' is a noun, com 3d, sing., neut., nom., subj. of 
verb understood ; "by" is prep., showing relation between verb under- 
stood and "neck"; "neck" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj., object 
of "by"; "stride" parsed like 1st "neck"; "stride" parsed like 
2nd "neck", "changing" is a participle, pres., comtr. of adjective, limits 
"we"; "pace" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj. of "changing". 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What is inflection, and what names are given to the various kinds 
of inflections? 

Ans. Inflection is principally change of ending, though other changes 
in the word are included. Inflection of nouns and pronouns is called De- 
clension ; of adjectives and adverbs. Comparison; and of verbs. Conjugation. 

2. Decline (a) all the personal pronouns, (b) all the relative pronouns: 
(a) Singular. 



Nom. I, 


thou. 


he, she, it. 


Poss. my, mine, 


thine, thy, 


his, her, its. 


Obj. me, 


thee. 


him, her, it. 


Plural 






Nom. we, 


you, ye, 


they. 


Poss. our. 


your. 


their. 


Obj. us. 


you. 


them. 


(b)Sing. and Plu. 




Sing, and Plu. 


who. 




which. 


whose, 




whose. 


whom. 




which. 



42 

3. (a) What modes may take the interrogative form? (b) Illustrate, 
Ans. (a) The Indicative and Potential, (b) Does he intend to come? 

Shall we meet again? (Ind. ) Could he have done this? May I have an 
apple? (Pot.) 

4. What verbs are followed by the infinitive without the sign "to". 
Ans. May, can, will, shall, must, bid, dare, feel, hear, help, let, make,^ 

need, see, and probably two or three verbs more. 

5. Can subordinate clauses ever be co-ordinate clauses? Illustrate. 
Ans. They can be co-ordinate in regard to themselves, while they are 

subordinate in the sentence: A pupil "who is industrious" and "who 
obeys his teacher" is almost certain to succeed in his studies. 

6. What is meant by (a) Agreement? (b) Government? (c) Concord V 
(d) Mention all the instances of agreement and of government. 

Ans. (a) Agreement means to be the same in certain respect as another, 
(b) Government means to control or determine certain forms, (c) Concord 
means an agreement of parts of a sentence. (d) Pronouns agree with 
their antecedents in person, number, and gender; a verb must agree with 
its subject in person and number; the object of a preposition is in the ob- 
jective case; the subject of a sentence is in the nominative case. 

7. Correct the errors, if any, in the following sentences, and give 
reasons for correction- 

(a) There is no use going there.— There is no use in going there. Prep- 
osition was omitted. 

(b) This is another kind of a sentence. — This is another kind of sen- 
tence. The article "a" is superfluous. 

(c) Gold is heavier, but not so useful as iron.— Gold is heavier than 
iron, but not so useful. Improper arrangement. 

(d) I had rather not do it. — I would rather not do it. "Had" is not 
the proper word ; (slang j. 

(e) We were comparing Caesar's and Napoleon's victories.— Correct. 

8. Give a synopsis of the verb "strike" in the 3d person, sing. num. 
Ans. Ind. mode, Act. voice, he strikes, he has struck, he struck, he 

had struck, he will strike, he will have struck. ; Subj. mode — if he strike, 
if he struck, if he had struck; Pot. mode— he may strike, he may have 
struck, he might strike, he might have struck. Pass, voice. Ind. Mode — 
He is struck, he has been struck, he was struck, he had been struclc, he 
will be struck, he will have been struck. Subj. mode — If he be struck. If 
he were struck, if he had been struck. Pot. mode — He may be struck, he 
may have been struck, he might be struck, he might have been .struck. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. What are the essential qualities of good style in writing' Define 
each. 

Answer. (1) Purity, which consists in using only "pure English" 
words. (2) Propriety, which consists in choosing such words as properly 
express the intended meaning. (3) Precision, which consists in choosing 



43 

from synonymous terms those which best express the ideas to be conveyed. 

In addition to the above three qua' i ties of style, some add the qualities • 
of a good sentence : (1) Clearness, which refers to the arrangement of 
words so that the meaning cannot be misunderstood. (2) Unity, which re- 
fers to such arrangement as to maintain unity of thought. (3) Strength, 
which demands that a sentence should be so constructed that the thought 
which it contains shall be expressed with all possible energy. (4) Har- 
mony has reference to pleasing effect upon the ear. 

2. What is ambiguity, solecism, provincialism, redundancy? 

Ans. (1) Ambiguity means such arrangement of the words of a sentence 
that it may have two or more meanings. (2) Solecism is a violation of 
the rules of syntax. (3) Provincialism is an expression used in a locality 
and not in the nation as a whole. (4) Redundancy consists in using words 
not necessary to the sense. 

3. Write (a) a loose sentence, (b) a balanced sentence, (c) a periodic 
sentence. 

Ans. (a) We made our way up the mountain, riding in the shade of 
lofty trees, but seldom hearing even the chirp of bird or insect, (b) "I 
cannot do it" never accomplished anything; "I will try" has wrought 
wonders, (c) There, on the verge of the ocean, hunted to the last asylum, 
the imperial race turned desperately to bay. 

4. Define paragraph; section; thesis. 

Ans. A Paragraph is a sentence or a group of sentences treating on the 
same division of the subject. A Section is a paragraph or a group of para- 
graphs related to a larger subdivision of the subiect. A Thesis is a state- 
ment to be defended and elaborated, generally referring to graduating exer- 
cises in college. 

5. Name and explain the points used in punctuation. 

Ans. (1) Comma— denoting the slightest degree of separation; (2) semi- 
colon—denoting a greater degree of separation than the comma- (3) colon — 
denoting a still greater degree of separation than semicolon; (4) period— 
■denoting the greatest degree of separation; (5) interrogation point denot- 
ing a question asked; (6) exclamation point— denoting strong emotion. 
To the above may be added— parenthesis, brackets, dash and quotation marks. 

6. Define simple style; didactic style; florid style. 

Ans. Simple style is style that is easily understood and in which little 
if any use is made of figures. Didactic style is style used for the purpose 
of instruction. Florid style is style in which many figures are used and 
the purpose of which is to please. 

7. Why should composition and letter writing have a prominent place 
in school work? 

Ans. Every pupil in the schools to-day will be obliged after they leave 
school to express their thoughts in writing. Hence, the necessity of drill 
in this direction at school. 

8. How do you teach letter writing? 

Ans. My experience is that while we learn to skate by skating, and to 



44 

swim by swimming, we can learn to write compositions and letters 

simply by writing and profiting by the mistakes we make at first. 

It is understood that the writing is under guidance and direction of the 

teacher. 

9. Write two hundred words or more, on the "School System of Ken- 
tucky. " 

t Ans. The schools of the Commonwealth of Kentucky are under the sup- 
ervision of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is elected by 
the people for a term of four years, at the same time that the Governor 
and other State officers are elected. The superintendent fixes the "per 
capita" to be paid the school teachers of the State. The superintendent 
is chairman of the State Board of Examiners. Besides the superintendent, 
it has two professional teachers. In each county a county superintendent 
has charge of the public schools, who visits the schools and appoints the 
county school examiners, and has charge of the teachers' institute. The 
county superintendent reports to the State Superintendent, and the latter 
reports biennially on or before the meeting of the General Assembly. The 
State Superintendent prepares suitable blanks for reports to be made by 
school officials. Besides being chairman of the State Board of Examiners, he 
is also ex-officio chairman of the State Board of Education, consisting of 
the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Attorney General and the 
Secretary of State. 

10. Write six sentences each containing a different figure of speech, 
and define each figure. 

1. A Simile— is a figure of speech in which a likeness is pointed out be- 
tween things in other respects unlike. 

Illustration: Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel. 

2. A Methaphor— is a figure in which, assuming the likeness between 
two things, we apply to one the term that denotes the other. 

Illustration: He can scarcely keep the wolf from his door. 

3. Personification— is a figure in which things are raised to a plane of 
being above their own. 

Illustration: Tongue was the lawyer and argued the case. 

4. Antithesis— is a figure in which things mutually opposed in some 
particular are set over against each other. 

Illustration: For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 

5. A Metonymy— is a figure in which the name of one thing, connect- 
ed to another by some bond not of likeness or unlikeness, is taken to de- 
note that other. 

Illustration: Strike for your altars and your fires. 

6. A Synecdoche— is a figure in which the name of a part denotes the 
•whole or the name of the whole denotes the part. 

Illustration: Count noses. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define (a) belles-lettres (b) climax, (c) irony. 



45 

Answer, (a) Polite literature, and embraces fiction, poetry and criticism, 
(b) Climax is the expression of thought so that there shall be uniform and 
evident increase in significance or interest. (c) Irony is the expressing to 
the contrary what is meant. 

2. Write sentences containing (a) a metaphor, (b) a hyperbole. 
Answer, (a) The golden water came again upon the wall, (b) He was a 

man of boundless knowledge. 

3. Give two rules for the use of the semicolon, and illustrate each with 
sentence. 

Answer. A clause, introduced by to, for, but, and, or equivalent connec- 
tives, should be set off by a semicolon. Example: "Rejoice the soul of 
thy servant; for unto thee, Lord, I lift up my soul." (b) The semi- 
colon should be used before words which introduce an example or illus- 
tration. Example: "One part only of an antithesis is sometimes ex- 
pressed; as, "A friendly eye would never see such faults". 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define (a) barbarism, (b) slang, (c) provincialism, (d) solecism, 
(e) purity. 

Ans. (a) A violation of purity is called a barbarism. (b) Slang is the 
use of low, vulgar words. (c) A provincialism is peculiar to a part of the 
country. (d) A solecism is a violation of the rules of syntax. (e) Purity 
consists in using such words as are "pure English". 

2. Tell what property of diction is violated in: 

(a) The enterprise did not "pan out" as we predicted. Ans. Purity. 

(b) A society for the prevention of cruelty to animals has been "in- 
augurated." Ans. Precision. 

(c) I "expect " they sailed yesterday. Ans. Precision. 

(d) Have you "enough"' courage to carry you through this ordeal. Ans. 
Precision. 

(e) Man shall not live by bread "only"". Ans. Precision. 

3. A periodic sentence is one in which the sense is not complete till the 
close. Illustration: Before man made us citizens, great Nature made us 
men. 

A loose sentence is one that may be separated into parts without de- 
stroying the sense. Illustration: First our pleasures die, and then 
our hopes, and then our fears. 

A balanced sentence is one that contains two clauses similar in form. 
Illustration: Worth makes the man, the want of it the fellow. 

4. What is meant by (a) unity, (b) strength, (c) harmony? 

Ans. (a) Unity requires that a sentence contain but one fundamental 
thought. (b) Strength consists in such arrangement of words as makes 
forcible impression on the mind of hearer or reader, (c) Harmony requires 
that a sentence be so constructed as to make a pleasing eff'ect upon the ear. 

5. Name, define, and illustrate (a) 3 figures of speech founded on com- 
parison, (b) 3 founded on contrast, (c) 3 founded on association. 



46 

Ans. (a) Simile is a figure in which a likeness is pointed out between 
things in other respects unlike— Youth is like the May of life. A Meta- 
phor is an implied comparison — Habit is a cable. A Personification raises a 
thing above its own level — Imagination rules the world. (b) Antithesis 
is a comparison based upon contrast — Enemies in war, in peace friends. 
Climax is a figure in which the strength of the thought increases to close 
of sentences— A day, an hour, an instant, may prove fatal. Epigram is 
an expression in which there seems to be a contradiction between the real 
and the apparent meaning— The child is father to the man. (c) Metonymy 
is a figure in which one object is described by the name of another related 
to it— We have read Shakespeare. Synecdoche is a figure in which a name 
is given to an object that suggests more or less than we intend— The busy 
fingers toil on. Hyperbole is a figure in which the object is exaggerated 
or disparaged— His mind was a vast magazine of knowledge. 

6. Write a composition of 200 words on (a) "The Advantages of the 
Panama Canal", (b) "The Value of Education to the State." 

(b) Any country depends for its prosperity upon the intelligence of its 
citizens. We do not try to convey the idea that an unintelligent person 
cannot be prosperous, but we do mean that the country as a whole will be 
prosperous in proportion as its citizens are educated. Besides, education is es- 
pecially necessary in a republican form of government, for the intelligent 
exercise of citizenship. Again, brain, not muscle, exercises the greatest pow- 
er in the world, and we invariably find that even from a financial standpoint, 
mental work gives much better returns than mere physical labor. In ex- 
amining the world's history we will find that they who have their names 
writen on its pages were those that were mentally strong, rather than 
they who were physically robust. In a country like ours we cannot lay to 
much stress upon the general education of the citizens if we wish to see it 
permanently prosperous and ranking well with other nations of the world. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a periodic sentence and reconstruct it into a loose sentence. 

A. (a) "At the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, as President Mc- 
Kinley held a public reception, shaking hands with the people as they 
passed, an anarchist passed in turn with a revolver hid in his fleeve and at 
the greeting of the President, shot him twice." (Periodic.) 

(b) President McKinley held a public reception at the Pan-American 
Exposition and was shot twice by an anarchist with a revolver hid in his 
sleeve as he shook hands with him in greeting. (Loose.) 
2. Define and illustrate (a) precision, (b) unity, (c) harmony, (d) energy. 

A. (a) Precision is the use of such words as express our exact meaning, 
as "Shakespeare was a great poet" (not 'writer'), (b) Unity is the de- 
velopment of the main idea in writing; as, "Goldsmith was compelled to 
live in obscure lodgings because of the scantiness of his purse." (c) "Har- 
mony is the melodious blending of sound and sense in language," as. 



47 

"Neither the angels in heaven above, 
Nor the demons down under the sea, 
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul 
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee." 
(e) Energy is the strength of the expression which secures interest and 
attention; as, "Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield." 

3. Name and define five figures of speech and illustrate each with a sen- 
tence. 

A. (a) Fimile is the formal comparison of one object to another essential- 
ly unlike it; as, "States, as great engines, move slowly." (b) Metaphor 
is an abridged simile; as, "Fame is a plant that grows on soil immortal." 
(c) Metonymy is the use of the name of one object for another loosely relat- 
ed to it; as, "He drank the cup." (d) Synecdoche is the use of a part for 
the whole and vice versa ; as, "The world condemns him." (e) Personifi- 
cation is the figure in which inanimate objects and lower animals are rep- 
resented as endowed with higher powers; as, "Beauty calls and glory 
shows the way. ' ' 

4. Write a formal invitation to a dinner, and a formal acceptance of 
the invitation. 

A. (a) Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Snow request the honor of the presence of 
Miss Mary Lee at an Xmas dinner at their home. 

(b) Miss Mary Lee accepts with pleasure the kind invitation of Mr. and 
Mrs. J. W. Snow to an Xmas dinner at their home. 

5. Write a composition of at least 175 words on one uf the following 
subjects: "The Choice of a Profession"; "School Friendships"; "The 
Modern Newspaper. ' ' 

A. Answers will differ. You can refer to school books, etc., for forms. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Mention the three principal characteristics of good style. 
A. Purity, propriety, and precision of diction. 

2. Write a sentence containing (a) a synecdoche, (b) a climax, (c) an 
alliteration. 

A. (a) Our hero was gray. (b) A day, an hour, an instant may prove 
fatal. (c) Tell Tommy to take the tumbler to the table. 

3. What is meant by purity, propriety, and precision in diction? 

A. Purity means the use of only such words as are reputable, national 
and present in usage. Propriety is the quality of diction which uses words 
only in their proper sense. Precision is the quality of diction to represent 
the exact meaning. 

4. What figures of speech in each of the following: (a) "Fair Science 
frowned not on his humble birth. And melancholy marked him for her 
own." (b) "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. " (c) "Streaming 
grief his faded cheeks bedewed." (d) "Ten thousand fleets swept o'er in 
vain." (e) "Rivers of waters run down my eyes because they kept not 
my law." 



48 

A. (a) Personification, (b) Antithesis, (c) Metonymy, (d) and (e) Hy- 
perbole. 

5. Write a composition of at least 200 words on one of the following 
subjects: "The County Teachers' Institute", "The Compulsory Educa- 
tional Law", "The Telegraph". 

A. Answers would differ. Goods forms can be found in books, periodi- 
cals, etc. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Make a comparison between Grammar and Composition. 

Ans. Grammar and Composition are both language studies. Thus far 
they agree. Grammar is the study of the sentence. Composition is a dis- 
course study. Composition or rhetoric begins where grammar stops, al- 
though they seem to overlap each other to some- extent. 

2. Punctuate, capitalize and correct the following: 

"Must I thank you then," said the King, "Sir Lark, 

For flying so high and hating the dark? 

You ask a full cup for half a thirst: 

Half was love of me, and half to be first. 

There's many a bird makes no such haste. 

But waits till I come: that's as much to my taste." 

3. What is (a) unit?, (b) coherence, (c) clearness, (d) strength, (e) 
style, (f) outline, (g) paragraph? 

Ans. (a) Unity is a quality of style requiring that a sentence con- 
tain but one main thought, (b) Coherence is a quality of style requiring 
close connection between parts of the same sentence. (c) Clearness con- 
sists in such a use and arrangement of words that the thought cannot be 
misunderstood, (d) Strength is such arrangement of the words in a sen- 
tence as to make a forcible impression on the mind, (e) Style is nnan- 
ner of expressing thought, (f) An outline is a systematic arrangement 
of the subdivisions of a theme, (g) A paragraph is a sentence or collec- 
tion of sentences on the same subdivision of a subject. 

4. Figures of speech: (a) What are they? (b) Why used? 

Ans. (a) Figures of speech are intentional deviations from the oidinary 
form of expression, (b) They enrich language, dignify style, and often 
make the meaning cleai'er and more forcible. 

5. What figures of speech occur in : 

"Orphan hours, the year is dead, 
(]ome and sigh, come and weep 
Merry hours, smile instead. 
For the year is but asleep; 
See, it smiles as it is sleeping. 
Mocking vour untimely weeping." 
Ans. In each line is Personification, which is closely akin to Metaphor 

6. Correct the following faulty sentences: 
(a) The old lady wiped her eyes at this point. 



49 

Ans. At this point, the old lady wiped her eyes. 

(b) It was an old phenomena. 

Ans. It was an old phenomenon. 

(c). He felt bad. 

Ans. This sentence is correct. 

(d) I shall not go without you go with me. 
ns. I shall not go unless you go with me. 

(e) Henry V said to his soldiers that every one should do their duty. 
Ans. Henry V said to his soldiers that every one should do his duty. 

(f) Neither John nor Thomas were in their seats at school to-day. 
Ans. Neither John nor Thomas was in his seat at school to-day. 

(g) John says he shall miss the train. 
Ans. John says he will miss the train, 
(h). I will see you this evening. 

Ans. I shall see you this evening, 
(i) I will drown; no one shall save me. 
Ans. I shall drown; no one will save me. 

7. Give 5 rules for (a) capitals, (b) 5 for punctuation. 

Ans. (a) Capitalize: First word in a sentence, first word in a line of 
poetry, all proper names, all appellations of the Diety, also I and O. (b) 
A period should be placed after every abbreviated word. A period should 
be placed after every heading, title, etc. Parenthetical words and phrases 
are to be set off by commas. Words arranged in pairs have the pairs sepa- 
rated by commas. An interrogation point is to be placed after direct ques- 
tions. 

8. Write (a) a letter applying for a school; (b) write 50 words on "My 
First Day as Teacher". 

Louisville, Ky., January 30, 1905. 
John Jones, 

Dayton, Ky, 
Dear Sir: I am informed that the school in your district is vacant. Kind- 
ly consider me an applicant for the position. I hold a State Certificate 
and have had more than twenty years' evperience. I enclose some refer- 
ences. Please to let me hear from you. I am 
Yours respectfully, 

KRANDER MAATEN. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define: (a) climax, (b) personification, (c) purity, (d) metaphor. 

Ans. (a) Climax is a figure in which the strength of the thought in- 
creases to the cluse of the sentence or paragraph. (b) Personification is 
that figure in which the attributes of living beings are ascribed to things 
inanimate, (c) Purity is that quality of diction of using only such words as 
are sanctioned by the best speakers and wi iters of today. (d) A Metaphor 
is a figure of speech in which, assuming the likeness between two things, 
we apply to one of them the term which denotes the other. 



50 

2. Name the figures of speech in the following: 

(a) The wish is father to the thought. Ans. Personification. 

(b) Like a dog, he hunts in dreams. Ans. Simile. 

(c) Ye devour widows' houses. Ans. Metonymy. 

(d) The waves rose mountain high. Ans. Hyperbole. 

(e) Wit laughs at things; humor laughs with them. Ans. Antithesis 
and personification. 

3. Punctuate: (a) Very few men, properly speaking, live at pres- 
ent; most are preparing to live another time. 

(b) Then here's to our boyhood, its gold and its gray ! 
The stars of its winters, the dews of its May ! 
And when we have done with our life lasting toys, 
Dear Father, take care of thy children, The Boys! 

4. Write a composition of 200 words on the subject, Fourth of July. 
Ans. Of all the days of the year, to any true American the Fourth of 

July, the anniversary of American Independence, is most worthy to be cele- 
brated by all in a becoming manner. It was indeed a step to take that at 
the time seemed hazardous, yet, under the guidance of heavtn, it has 
proven to be the most important single event in American History. The 
patriots in Congress did indeed take a step that might have proved ruin to 
all when, after the motion of Richard Henry Lee "that these United Colo- 
nies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States", the 
committee appointed, composed of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Adams, Robert R. Livingtson and Roger Sherman, reported the most 
important resolution ever penned by human hands (the Declaration of In- 
dependence), had it not been that all Americans, under the leadership of 
Washington, determined that this Declaration should be made good at any- 
cost. America of to-day owes a debt of gratitude to the Congress of 1776, 
that by its action enabled this country to take its place among the nations 
of the world. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Upon what two things do clearness, force and elegance depend? 
Ans. Upon the choice of words, and upon their proper arrangement. 

2. Give five rules for the use of the comma; illustrate each. 

1. Nouns in apposition, when modified, are separated by a comma. 
Illustration: Washington, the first President, was born in Virginia. 

2. Nouns independent by address are set off by a comma^ or com- 
mas. Illustration: Plato, thou reasonest well. 

3. A noun used absolutely with a participle is^ set off by a comma. 
Illustration: Shame being lost, all virtue is lost. 

4. Three or more words used in a series are set oft" by commas. Il- 
lustration: Illinois produces corn, wheat and hay. 

5. Words used in pairs take a comma after each pair. Illustra- 
tiun: Eating or drinking, laboring or sleeping, let us do all in moderation. 

3. Define and illustrate (a) antithesis (b) allitrsration, (c) allegory. 
Ans. (a) Anthithesis is a figure of speech in which things mutually op- 



51 

posed are set over against each other. Illustration: Fools admire, but men 
of sense approve. 

(b) Alliteration consists in a series of words commencing with the same 
letter. Illustration: Apt alliteration's artful aid. 

(c) An Allegory is an extended simile. Illustration: Bunyan's Pilgrim 
Progress is an allegory. 

4. Write letter to a book company ordering a book. 
Ans. 

Louisville, Ky. Feb. 16, 1905. 
American Book Co., 

Cincinnati, 0. 
Gentlemen: You will find enclosed One Dollar, for which be pleased to send 
me at your earliest convenience, one copy of Roark's Psychology in Educa- 
tion. By so doing you will oblige 

Yours respectfully, 

JAMES A. BRADFORD. 

5. Write a composition of 200 words on "The Future of Kentucky". 

Ans. The future of the Commonwealth of Kentucky rests with the peo- 
ple inhabiting it. They can make it what they will. They can cause Ken- 
tucky to be looked up to by other States and, again, they can be the cause 
that being a Kentuckian will be considered a term of reproach. Being 
the second State after the original thirteen, Kentucky ought to be one of 
the leaders, educationally, politically, morally. To what extent this will 
be accomplished is for the people of the State to say. Respect for law and 
a rigid enforcement of the same, together with increased educational fa- 
cilities, will do much towards bringing Kentucky to that position among 
the other States of the Union to which she is rightfully entitled. Her re- 
sources are practically unlimited, though only partially developed. When 
other States and nations find out that the conditions of Kentucky are such 
that foreign capital will find a hearty welcome, and when the progressive 
spirit of the age shall take possession of its own citizens, then will the 
Commonwealth of Kentucky become one of the foremost and most influential 
States of these United States. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What determines the location of the tropics and polar circles? 

A. The farthermost distance to which the perpindicular rays of the sun 
reach north and south of the equator determines the location of the tropics, 
while the polar circles are placed at the most distant point to which the 
suns rays reach beyond the poles. 

2. Name two rainless regions and state the cause. 

A. Sahara Desert in Northern Africa, the cause being the almost con- 
tinuous highlands along the coasts which rob the air of its moisture before 
it reaches the low interior; and the Desert of Gobi in China, for the same 
cause. 

3 What is the greatest latitude a place can have? The greatest longi- 



52 

tude? Why? 

» A. The greatest latitude is 90 degrees north or south of the equator, and 
the greatest longitude is 180 degrees east or west of some prime meridian. 
Because those are the respective limits of latitude and longitude. 

4. In which grand divisions are found the extremes of surface elevations 
and depressions? 

A. Elevations in Asia and depressions in Asia also. 

5. Name the river systems of South America, and state what portion of 
the country is drained by each. 

A. The Orinoco system draining the northern part, the Amazon system 
draining the central and eastern portions, and the Rio de Laplata draining 
the southeastern portion. 

6 (a) What is the Vernal Equinox? (b) When are the nights longest at 
Cape Horn, and where are the sun's rays vertical at that time? 

A. (a) The day in spring when the day and night are of equal lengths, 
(b) About the 21st of June when the vertic il rays of the sun fell on or 
near to tropic of cancer. 

7 Name and locate five of the principal seaports of Europe, and seven of 
the United States. 

A. Of Europe: (1) Liverpool in England on the Irish Sea, (2) Dublin in 
Ireland on the Irish Sea, (3) Copenhagen in Denmark on the Baltic Sea, (4) 
Edinburgh in Scotland on the North Sea, (5) Marseilles in France on the 
on the Mediterranean. Of the U. S. : (1) New York on Long Island Sound in 
New York State, (2) Boston on Massachusetts Bay in Massachusetts, (3j San 
Francisco on San Francisco Bay in California, (4) Charleston in South Carolina 
on the Atlantic, (5) Baltimore in Maryland on Chesapeake Bay, (6) Mobile in 
Alabama on Mobile Bay, (7) Galveston in Texas on Galveston Bay. 

8. Locate the following cities: (a) Marseilles, (b) Toronto, (c) Port 
Arthur, (d) Kyato, (e) Bangkok. 

A (a) In Southern France on the Mediterranean, (b) In Ontario, Canada, 
on Lake Ontario, (c) In Manchuria, on the Yellow Sea, (d) In Japan, (e) In 
Siam in Asia on the Gulf of Siam. 

9. Name in order, the watt^rs on which a vessel would sail from Manila 
to London. 

A. South China Sea, St. of Malacca. Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, St. of 
Babel Mandeb, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea, St. of Gibraltar, 
Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, St. of Dover, and North Sea and River 
Thames . 

10. Make a map of North America, showing outline of countries, princi- 
pal rivers, cities, mountain ranges and water boundaries. 

A. See Geography. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Q. (a) How long is a day at the North Pole? (b) When does it begin 
and when does it end? (c) Why? 

A. (a) Six months, (b) Begins 21st day of Mai ch, ends the 22nd day of 



53 

September, (c) Because of the shifting position of the earth in its course 
around its orbit. 

Q. In what general direction do the mountain ranges of Europe and Asia 
run? 

A. East and west. 

Q. Across what grand divisions, oceans, sens, etc., does the equator pass? 

A. Africa, South America, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, South China 
Sea, Lake Victoria, East Indies. 

Q. Name and locate the largest inland sea that has no outlet. 

A. Caspian Sea, north of Persia in Southern part of Russian Empire in 
Asia. 

Q. Name the river systems of North America and state the portion 
of the country drained by each. 

A . St . Lawrence, draining the northern and northeastern part of the U. 
S. and southern and southeastern part of Canada; Mississippi, draining the 
central part of the U. S; Columbia, draining the northwestern part of U. S.; 
Mackenzie, draining the central part of Canada; Colorado, draining the south- 
western part of U. S. ; Rio Grande, draining the northern part of Mexico and 
southwestern part of U. S. ; Hudson, Susquehanna, Delaware, Potomac, 
Savannah, etc., draining the Atlantic Coast Plain in United States. 

Q. Locate the following mountain ranges : Sierra Nevada, Kong, Balkan, 
Taurus, Altai. 

A. (a) In the southwest part of the U. S (b) In Western Africa, (c) 
In Southeast Europe, (d) Turkey in Asia, (e) In Northern Asia. 

Q. What are trade winds? State their cause. In what direction do they 
blow? 

A. (a) They are winds blowing continuously toward the equator in the 
tropical regions, (b) They are caused by the heated air at the equator 
rising and the cool air from the north and south rushing in to replace 
it. (c) Those north of the equator blow southwest, and those south, north- 
west. 

Q. Name all the rivers that touch Kentucky. 

A. Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, Cumberland, Licking, Kentucky, Green, 
Big Sandy, Salt, Nolin, Trade Water, Rolling Fork, Beech Fork. 

Q. On what waters would a vessel sail from St. Petersburg to Vladi- 
vostok? 

A. Baltic Sea, North Sea, English Channel, St. of Dover, Atlantic 
Ocean, St. of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, St. of 
Babel Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, St of Malacca, South China Sea, 
Formosa St., East China Sea, Korea St., and Japan Sea. 

Q. Make an outline map of South America, showing principal rivers, 
mountains and cities. 

A. See Geography. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Outline a series of observations of sun and stars for pupils upon which 
the teacher may ba'se lessons: (a) The rotation of the earth, (b) the revolu- 



54 

tion of the earth, (c) relation of temperature to the length of day and alti- 
tude of the sun. 

A. (a) Lead pupils to notice reasons for difference in time daily in "sun- 
rise" and "sunset"; (b) the difference in places where the sun is first seen in 
the horizon on different days of the year; (c) the increase in temperature 
when the days become longei-, and when the sun is "overhead"; that in our 
latitude the sun is never "overhead " Pupils also can observe that different 
stars ai-e visible at different times of the night, etc. 

2. Describe the coast of Europe. Show its effect upon the occupation of 
the people. 

A. The coast of Europe is very much indented by the ocean. This makes 
a large portion accessible by water. Water transportation is much cheaper 
than land transportation ; hence Europe has great advantage for manufactur- 
ing and commerce . 

3. Compare the relief of Africa and South America, and show the result- 
ing difference in the exploration and the development of the two continents. 

A. Neither of the continents is much indented. Both have their moun- 
tains on the coast, although the mountains in South America (Andes) are 
much higher than any in Africa. The principal mountains in Africa are in the 
east; of South America in the west. Both continents are very hot, but Africa has 
many deserts. In consequence it was more slowly explored than any other 
grand division. Both continents have several large i-iver systems, but on ac- 
count of rapids the rivers in some parts of Central Africa are not navigable. 

4. (a) What are the conditions favorable to forests? (b) Locate the 
forests of North America, (c) What are the occupations of the people? (d) 
What in cities in neighborhood? 

A. (a' Rainfall pretty generally distributed throughout the year. (b) 
Near the large rivers and in the regions of Great Lakes, also in the northwest. 
(c) Lumbering and trapping, (d) Sawmills and like factories furnish em- 
ployment to many people. 

5. (a) What aonditions determine the location of manufacturing cities? 
(b) What determines the products manufactured? (c) Use as illustrations 
such places as England, France, United States and Switzerland. 

A (a) Facility for shipping, especially by water; abundance of coal and 
iron in the proximity, (b) The raw material readily obtainable determines the 
products, (c) England manufactures iron goods, cotton goods, linen, cutlery; 
France manufacturers porcelain, silk, and other fine fabrics; the United 
State." manufactures nearly everything that can be made; Switzerland excels 
in watches. 

6. Where is the population of India densest? Explain this as a result of 
topography and climate. 

A In the river valleys and on the coast. In the interior are deserts, 
where the climate is very hot, while on the coasts it is much milder. 

7. Name one of the greatest commercial centers of each continent. Give 
location and explain what natural features helped or hindei-ed its growth. 



55 

A. North America— New York; excellent harbor, many railroads. South 
America— Rio Janeiro; good harbor, coffee culture. Europe -London; location 
on Thames and ocean navigation. Asia— Calcutta; easy access to ocean, ag- 
ricultural products. Africa— Capetown, location near ocean, gold and dia- 
mond mines. Australia— Melbourn; not much trade. 

8. (a) Describe one area in North America and one in Europe in which 
scenery becomes of economic importance, (b) What industries spring up in 
such places? 

A. (a) In North America is the Yellow Stone Park. In Europe, the re- 
gion along the Rhine (b) Hotel business to accommodate tourists. Also 
guides find employment there. 

9 Show what influence topography has upon routes of transportation. 

A. Lines of transportation as a rule follow the rivers and mountain val- 
leys on account of saving expense There are, however, some notable excep- 
tions, where mountains were tunneled and other difficulties overcome . 

10. What are the characteristic soils of Kentucky? How do you account 
for the difference? 

A. (a) Limestone, (b) sand, (c) gravel, (d) clay. (a) Decomposed 
limestone, suitable for blue grass (b) the knobs are decomposed sandstone, 
suitable for frui^. (c) gravel, and (d) clay were deposited in an embayment 
of the Gulf of Mexico when it reached as far as the mou h of the Ohio. It is 
chiefly found m "The Purchase " 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Where are the principal coal regions of the United States; salmon 
fisheries; timber regions? 

A. The principal coal regions are in the East. The next most important 
field is in the center, with a few detached smaller fields. The Columbia river 
is noted for its salmon fisheries. In the southeast we find cypress, pine, 
cedar, gum; farther north, walnut, oak, hemlock. In the northeast and the 
northwest, spruce, cedar and hemlock, and in the neighborhood of the Great 
Lakes, pine and hard woods 

2 Name the states of South America. 

A. Columbia, Venezuela, Guian;i, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argen- 
tina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. 

3. Name the states embraced in the Louisiana Purchase. 

A. Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota west of the 
Mississippi, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, part of Colorado, Kansas. Missouri, 
Arkansas, Louisiana, besides Oklahoma and Indian Territory. 

4. What state produces most (a) cotton, (b) tobacco, (c) coal, (d) gold, 
(e) rice, (f) wheat. 

A. (a) Texas, (b) Kentucky, (c) Pennsylvania, (d) California, (e) 
Louisiana, (f )Minnt sota. 

5. Name the New England States and give their capitals. 

A Maine, its capital is Augusta; New Hampshire, with the capital Con- 
cord; Vermont with the capital Montpelier; Massachusetts, with the capital 



56 

Boston; Rhode Island had formerly two capitals, but I think Providence is the 
only capital now: Connecticut, whose capital is Hartford. 

6. Bound the largest state in the union and name four of its largest cities. 
A. Texas is bounded on the north by Arkansas, Indian Territory and 

Oklahoma; on the east by Arkansas and Louisiana; on the south by the Gulf 
of Mexico and Mexico; on the west by New Mexico and Mexico. Dallas, Fort 
Worth, San Antonio, Galveston are the largest cities. 

7. Compare the British Isles and Japan in area and population. 

A. The area of the British Isles is 121,371 square miles; of Japan 161,135 
square miles; the population of the British Isles is 41,608,000; of Japan 
46,521,000. 

8. Name five seas on the coast of Asia. 

A. Sea of Okholsk, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China 
Sea. 

9. Name (a) one river, (b) two cities, and (c) three products of Australia. 
A. (a) Murray, (b) Melbourne and Sydney, (c) wool, gold and cattle. 

10. How would a ship go (aj from New York to Manila? (b) From San 
Francisco to Manila? 

A. Atlantic Ocean, St. of Gibraltar. Mediterranean, Suez Canal, Red 
Sea, St. of Babel Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, St. of 
Malacca, South China Sea. (b) Pacific Ocean, South China Sea. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What causes the change of seasons? 

A. 1. The rotation of the earth. 2. Parallelism of its axis. 3. Inclina- 
tion of the eai-th's axis to the plane of its orbit. 

2. (a) What is a watershed? (b) Name and locate two . 

A. (a) A watershed is the dividing line between two river systems, (b) 
The Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains, the Height of Land, etc. 

3. What is latitude? Longitude? For what purpose are the parallels 
and meridians employed? 

A. Latitude is distance measured north of the equator Longitude is dis- 
tance measured east or west of prime meridian. Parallels and meridians are 
useful to give the exact location of places on the earth's surface. 

4. Which zone contains (a) the largest land surface? (b) The largest 
water surface? (c) Which has the gi-eatest rainfall? (d) Which the highest 
civilization? 

A. (a) The North Temperate zone, (b) The South Frigid zone. (c) 
The North Torrid zone (d) The North Temperate. 

5. Give the countries Vvhich are now (1905) engaged in war and give the 
boundaries of each. 

A. Russia and Japan. Russia is bounded on the east by Pacific Ocean; 
on south by China, Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Roumania and Austria-Hun- 
gary; on west by Germany, Norway; north by Arctic Ocean. Japan is bounded 
and surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. 

6. Name the states and their capitals that border on the Great Lakes. 



57 

A. New York, capital Albany; Pennsylvania, capital Harrisburg; Ohio, 
<eapital Columbus; Indiana, capital Indianapolis; Illiuois, capital Springfield; 
Michigan, capital Lansing; Wisconsin, capital Madison; Minnesota, capital St. 
Paul. 

7. (a) What are the tides? (b) What causes them? (c) What are neap 
tides? 

A. (a) Tides are periodic falling and rising of oceanic waters, (b) 
They are caused by heat of the sun and the earth's rotation, (c) Neap tides 
are the periods of lowest water in tides. 

8. What are isothermal lines? Why do they deviate from the parallels 
■of latitude? 

A. Isothermal lines connect places having the same average temperature 
for the year. They differ from the parallels of latitude on account of local in- 
fluences of climate, as mountains, prevailing winds, character of soil, etc. 

9. What are some of the causes that determine the location of cities? 

A. 1. Nearness to the ocean or navigable rivers. 2. Railroad facilities. 
3. Manufacturing interests. 

10. Make a map of the U. S. showing outline, principal rivers, cities, 
mountains and water boundaries . 

A. See Geography. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Explain fully (a) causes of the change of seasons, (b) the phases of 
the moon. 

A (a) The change of seasons is caused by (1) revolution of the earth, (2) 
constant parallelism of its axis, (3) inclination of the earth's axis to the plane 
of its orbit, (b) The moon performs a complete revolution around the earth in 
27 days, 7 hours, 23 minutes, and 1 1 seconds. It revolves on its own axis in 
about the same time. Now, at new moon, sun and moon are on the same side 
of the earth ; nearly 7 days later, sun and moon are in quadrature or at right 
angles to each other. We have then first quarter. Again about 7 days later 
sun and moon are in opposition and we have full moon. Finally in another 7 
days, sun and moon are in quadrature again, and we have last quarter. 

2. Show by a sketch the outline of South America. Locate and name 
principal mountains, highest peak, the plateaus, great plains, deserts, rivers 
and lakes. State briefly where the most copious rainfall occurs, and why? 

A. See Geography. 

3. (a) What col(4nies in Australia are most densely populated? (b) 
What physiographic factors determine this distribution of people? (c) De- 
scribe the resources of this region, (d) What are the chief cities? 

Atis. (a) Victoria and New South Wales, (b) The position of the 
mountain ranges and the moderate climate of the coast, compared with the 
interior. (c) Agriculture, grazing, silk culture, wool growing, gold min- 
ing, (d) Melbourne and Sidney. 

4. Discuss the trade relations between America and Europe, stating 
five important exports and European ports to which they are sent, and 



58 

five imports and cities from which they come. Clearly account for the 
industries of each city. 

Ans. Europe and America sustain very important trade relations. Am- 
erica sends cotton to Liverpool, bread-stuffs to London, live stock to Lon- 
don and other European ports, tobacco to nearly all ports, mineral oils to 
all principal cities. The United States buys cutlery from Sheffield, linen 
from Belfast, toya from Neuremberg, silk from Lyons, wines from Bor- 
deaux and Oporto. 

5. Describe the chief ocean current of (a) the Atlantic, (b) the Pacific 
Ocean. State cause, direction and effects of each. Do these currents really 
modify continental climate? If not account for equable climate of the 
shores they bathe. 

Ans. (a) The Gulf Stream. It is a branch of the equatorial current. 
It crosses the Atlantic in a north-easterly direction, a part of it returning 
south acts as the main feeder of the equatorial current. The other part 
flows toward Norway, Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla. (b) In the Pacific 
ocean we find the counterpart of the Gulf Stream in the Japan current, or 
Kuro Sivo. It crosses the Pacific in an easterly direction. Both currents 
are caused by the heat of the sun and by the rotation of the earth. Both 
also mitigate the extremes of climate, increase materially the speed of 
vessels, and transport large quantities of timber to high northern latitudes. 
6. (a) Name and locate chief physiographic regions of Eurasia? (b) 
What regions are the most productive and what determines character of 
products? (c) Contrast the Caspian with Lake Superior, (d) Name in 
order waters you would pass through in sailing from St. Petersburg to Yo- 
kohama. 

Ans. (a) The highlands extend from Behring Strait to the Mediter- 
ranean Sea. This is cut through by the outlet of the Black Sea, but ex- 
tends through Southern Europe to the Spanish peninsula. The principal 
lowland is in the northern part. On account of its great extent, there are 
all kinds of climates. On account of scant rain-fall, no rivers equal 
in volume the rivers of North America, (b) The lowlands are most pro- 
ductive. Soil and climate determine the character of the products, (c) 
The Caspian Sea is about five times as large as Lake Superior, although 
Lake Superior is of far greater advantage to commerce, (d) Neva River, 
Baltic. Baltic canal, North Sea, English Channel, Atlantic, Strait of Gib- 
raltar, Mediterranean, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, 
Indian Ocean, Strait of Malacca, South China Sea and Pacific Ocean. 

7. Explain the chief sources of soil, and discuss the agents that pro- 
duce them. What soils are found in Kentucky? 

Ans. Soil is formed by decaying rock and decaying vegetation. The ac- 
tion of the atmosphere by moisture and other agents cause this decay. In 
Kentucky we have the phosphatic limestone soil in Blue Grass region. The 
Knobs are sandstone formations. The mountains, or eastern coal fields, are 
not suitable for agriculture. The western coal field is very much 
like the eastern. Another lime-stone foimation, "the cavernous lime- 



59 

stone area," surrounds the western coal fields, and is well adapted to ag- 
riculture. Finally, in the "Jackson Purchase", that part of Kentucky 
west of the Tennessee River, contains in its soil gravel, sand, clay and 
loam. It is very productive. 

8. Describe the surface and estimate the area of Cuba. Describe (a) 
its agricultural resources, (b) mineral resources, (c) government, (d) trade 
relations, (e) chief cities. 

Ans. (a) The surface of Cuba is mountainous with a low coast line. 
For about one-third of the distance this coast line is accessible. The re- 
mainder is beset by reefs and banks, (b) The mineral resources are: cop- 
per, iron and various rocks, (a) The agricultural resources are: sugar, 
tobacco, coffee, rice, cotton, and tropical fruits. The area is 45,872 
square miles. (c) The government is a republic. (d) Cuba has trade re- 
lations with the United States and with European countries, (e) The 
principal cities are: Havana, Santiago de Cuba, Mantanzas, Cienfuegos, 
Cardenas, Manzanillo, and Santa Clara. 

9. Compare France with New England in (a) size, (b) topography, (c) 
climate, (d) resources, (e) industries. 

Ans. (a) France is almost four times as large as New England, (b) 
The surface in both is partly mountainous and partly low and level, but m)t 
equally distributed. Both divisions are well watered, (c) The climate 
of France is much warmer than that of New England. (d) The agricul- 
tural resources of France are much superior to those of New England, while 
in mineral resources both are equally rich. (e) The industries in both 
divisions are largely manufacturing and commerce. 

10. Give full explanation of "Standard time." 

Ans. The United States is so large that more than three hours are re- 
quired to carry it past the sun. Therefore the term "noon" carries with 
it no definite meaning. To avoid mistakes, delays and confusion, the 
railroad companies of the country have adopted the times of the meridians 
of 75,90,105, and 120 degrees as a standard by which to run their trains. 
The time of 75 degrees meridian is called "Eastern time"; of 90 degrees 
"Central time"; of 105 degrees is "Mountain time," and of 120 degrees 
"Pacific time". Trains east of 75 degrees run bj^ "Eastern time"; be- 
tween 75 degrees and 90 degrees by "Central time", etc. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Mention (a) two causes which produce the change of seasons. 

(b) What is the width of each zone? (c) How is this width determined? 
Ans. (a) Revolution of the earth, constant parallelism of its axis, and in- 
clination of the earth's axis, (b) Each of the Frigid zones is 23 J degrees 
wide, each temperate zone 4'6 degrees, and each torrid zone 285 degrees. 

(c) The inclination of the earth's axis determines the width of the zones. 

2. What are the equinoxes? Solstices' When do each occur? 

Ans. The equinoxes are the times (about March 21 and Septem- 
ber 22) when the sun enters the equinoctial points: the two points where 



60 

the celestial equator and the ecliptic intersect. The solstices are the points 
in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or 
south, about 21st of June and of December. 

3. (a) Define isothermal lines, (b) Why do they not coincide with 
the parallels of latitude? (c) Why is the climate of England so much 
warmer than that of Nova Scotia? 

Ans. (a) Lines that join places that have the same average tempera- 
ture for the year are isothermal lines. (b) They are irregular on account 
of the many modifiers of climate, as: winds, mountains, nature of soil, 
forests, etc. (c) England is warmer than Nova Scotia because it has a 
warm ocean current, the Gulf Stream, while Nova Scotia has a cold cur- 
rent, the Arctic Current. 

4. Name (a) five seas tributary to the Mediterranean, (b) five seas 
on the eastern coast of Asia, (c) three seas on western coast of Europe, 
(d) two that touch North America, (e) two that touch Africa. 

Ans. (a) Adriatic, Aegon, Ionian, Black, Sea of Azov, (b) Behring 
Sea, Sea of Oklotsk, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, China Sea. (c) Baltic, 
North Sea, Irish Sea. (d) Behring Sea, Carribean Sea. (e) Mediter- 
ranean Sea and the Red Sea. 

5. Name a ^tate of the Union in which each of the following is found 
in large quantities: (a) lead, (b) copper, (c), 'marble, (d), gold, (e) sil- 
ver. 

Ans. (a) Lead is found in Illinois, (b) copper in Montana and Michi- 
gan, (c) marble in Vermont, (d) gold in California, (e) silver in Colorado. 

6. Describe three all-water routes from Cleveland to Baltimore. 

Ans. 1. Lake Erie to Buffalo, Erie Canal to Troy, Hudson River to 
New York Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay. 2. Lake Erie, Niagara 
River, Welland Canal, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean, Ches- 
apeake Bay. 3. Ohio canal from Cleveland to Portsmouth, Ohio River, 
Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay. 

7. (a) Name the fi"e principal mountain systems of the Western Conti- 
nent, (b) Name the river systems of North America and (c) of South 
America. 

Ans. (a) Coast mountains. Rocky mountains, Appalachian mountains. 
Sierra Madre, Andes, (b) St. Lawrence, MeKenzie, Mississippi, Colorado, 
(c) Orinoco, Amazon, LaPlata. 

8. What is meant by the "flora'' of a country' "the fauna'"? Upon 
what does the distribution of each depend. 

Ans. By the "flora" of a country we mean its plants, by the "fauna" 
its animals. The latter (fauna) depends upon the former (flora). The 
flora depends upon the climate. 

9'. Name in order the waters over which a vessel would sail from Du- 
luth to Port Arthur. 

Ans. Lake Superior, Strait of Mackinac, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, 
Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Erie Canal, Hudson River, At- 
lantic, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of 



61 

Aden, Indian Ocean, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea. 

10. Explain what causes (a) tides, (b) ocean currents, (c) trade winds. 

Ans. (a) Tides are caused by the attraction of moon and sun. (b) 
Ocean currents are caused by heat of the sun and the rotation of the earth, 
(c) Trade winds are caused also by rotation of the earth and the heat of 
the sun. 

HISTORY. 

1. Contrast the French and English methods of settlement in all possi- 
ble ways, such as relation with the Indians, occupation, extent of settle- 
ments, relation to home country, etc. 

Ans. The Indians, especially the Iroquois, were hostile to the French 
and friendly to the English. Neither the French nor the English made at 
first any special efforts at colonization. In course of time the English 
established settlements along the Atlantic coast, while the French set- 
tied mainly in the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi valleys. Both French 
and English retained their nationalities for a while, at least, although 
finally both became Americans. 

2. Contrast English and American ideas as to the relation existing be- 
tween the colonies and England and their ideas of representation. 

Ans. The English idea was: "Once an Englishman, always an English- 
man. However, while the English wanted to tax the colonies, and did tax 
them, they did deny them the right of Englishmen to be represented in 
parliament. The colonies di1 not object to taxation, but they did want 
representation if they were to be taxed. The struggle ultimately resulted 
in American independence. 

3. Tell of each of the attempts at union of the colonies from the con- 
federation of New England to the adoption of the present constitution. 

Ans. In 1643 Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut 
united themselves under the title of The United Colonies of New England. 
Their object was mutual protection against the Indians, the Dutch and the 
French. This resulted in little or no good. During the French and In- 
dian War repeated attempts were made to unite the colonies, but the 
different colonial assemblies objected. During the Revolutionary war the 
thirteen colonies had agreed upon the Articles of Confederation. Under 
them Congress could recommend everything but enforce nothing. Finally 
the present constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. 

4. Describe Hamilton's financial measures and discuss the objections 
made to them. 

Ans. After Washington had been inaugurated he appointed Alexander 
Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton proposed that the gen- 
eral government should assume all debts contracted during the war. All 
agreed to the payment of the debts contracted for the common defense, but 
at first objection was raised against payment of State debts, and of debts 
due to individuals. In the course of time all the different measures of 
Hamilton passed congress. 

5. Compare the Articles of Confederation and our present Constitution, 



62 

and discuss the pi-incipal faults of the former. 

Ans. The Articles of Confederation left too much power to the States 
and left Congress powerless. There was no union: little, if any, common 
defense; no executive; no judiciary, and very much jealousy. All these de- 
fects were remedied by the Constitution. 

6. What was Jackson's policy in regard to the funds of the United 
States? What was Van Buren's? What was the policy of the former as to 
office-holders and secession. 

Ans. Jackson distributed the funds of the United States to various 
State Banks. Van Baren advocated the sub-treasury system. Jackson be- 
lieved that office-holders were bound to obey the law, and that no State 
had a right to secede. 

7. Contrast Calhoun's and Webster's ideas of the United States Gov- 
ernment, giving the reasons each assigned for views he held. 

Ans. Calhoun believed the State superior to the United States, Webster 
held opposite view. Calhoun believed in the doctrine of State's rights, 
Webster did not. The difference in view resulted from a different interpre- 
tation of the United States Constitution. 

8. Difference between the reconstruction policies of Johnson and Con- 
gress. Which wa=' finally adopted and how was it carried out':* 

Ans. Johnson recognized the State governments that had been formed 
during the war in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. In other 
States he appointed provisional governors. These called conventions that 
repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the confederate war debt, 
and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson claimed this was all 
that was necessary. At the meeting of Congress it was held that congress 
alone has the right to prescribe the conditions necessary for the admission 
of the seceded States. They treated whatever the President had done as of 
no value. With the exception of Tennessee, which at once complied with 
the wishes of congress by ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment, the other 
States were placed under military rule. After a struggle of several years, 
in 1868, all the States were again represented in congress over the veto 
of the President, and congress won the day. 

9. Name and explain three measures of national importance passed by 
congress between 1877-89 with approximate date of each. 

Ans. In 1879 resumption of specie payments went into effect— that is, 
the government paid gold for its paper money, and for the first time in 
17 years gold sold at par. In 1883 a Civil Service Bill was passed. Its 
aim is to regulate by means of examinations, the system of civil service 
appointments and promotions. In 1886 a presidential Succession law was 
passed, providing against anarchy if at any time there should be no Presi- 
dent or Vice President. It provided that the members of the cabinet 
should act as temporary President in the following order: Secretaries of 
State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secietary of 
Mavy and Secretary of the Interior. 

10. Give an outline of our relations to Cuba from 1897 to the present 



63 

time. 

Ans. Shortly after the inauguration of President McKinley the United 
States determined to bring an end to the war on the Island of Cuba between 
S pain and the inhabitants of that island. War was the result between the 
United States and Spain. Spain was defeated and left Cuba. The United 
States for some time exercised a kind of protectorate till, in 1902, on May 
20, the Republic of Cuba came into existence, and the territory was turned 
over to President Palma by Governor General Wood. The American army 
withdrew from the island. After a brief period of depression the island is 
now prosperous. 

HISTORY. 

1. Name 5 explorers of (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, (d) Portu- 
gal. Tell what each discovered. 

Ans. (a) Columbus, although an Italian, was sent by Spain; he dis- 
covered San Salvador and various other islands. 
Ponce de Leon, discovered Florida. 
Balboa, discovered the Pacific Ocean, 
de Soto discovered the Mississippi river. 
Espego explored New Mexico. 

(b) Verrazani explored North Carolina coast. 
Ribant made voyage to Carolina. 
iJandomiere made voyage to Carolina. 
Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence river. 
Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. 

(c) Cabot discovered the continent of North America. 
Frobisher made voyage to Baffin Bay. 

Drake circumnavigated the globe. 
Raleigh sent expedition to Roanoke Island, 
Gosnold discovered Cape Cod. 

(d) Magellan circumanvigated the globe. 

Vaseo da Gama sailed around Cape of Good Hope. 
Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 
Corteral made voyage to Maine. 

2. Give an account of the voyage of De Soto, Lasalle, Champlain. 
Ans. De Soto undertook the conquest of Florida. He traversed Georgia, 

Alabama, Mississippi, discovered the Mississippi river. He died on the 
journey and was buried in the Mississippi. LaSalle explored the Mississippi 
river to the Gulf of Mexico. He named the country Louisiana in honor of 
Louis XIV. Champlain explored the St. Lawrence river as far as Mon- 
treal. He also founded Quebec in 1608. 

3. Name the 13 original States with name and date of first settlement 
in each. 

Ans. 1. Virginia, settled at Jamestown in 1670. 

2. New York, settled at New Amsterdam in 1613. 

3. Massachusetts, settled at Plymouth in 1620. 



64 

4. New Hampshire, settled at FortsTiouth in 1623. 

5. Connecticut, settled at Windsor in 1633. 

6. Maryland, settled at St. Marys in 1634. 

7. Rhode Island, settled at Providence in 1636. 

8. Delawai'e, settled at Wilmington in 1638. 

9. North Carolina, settled at Albermarle Sound in 1663. 

10. New Jersey, settled at Elizabethtown in 1664. 

11. South Carolina, settled at Ashlay River in 1670. 

12. Pennsylvania, settled in Philadelphia in 1683. 

13. Georgia, settled at Savannah in 1732. 

4. Give a brief account of : 

(a) Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in 1676. 

(b) King Philip's War in Massachusetts in 1675. 

(c) Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts about 1655. 

(d) Salem Witchcraft at Salem, Mass., in 1692. 

(e) Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland in 1C45. 

5. State the date and cause of each of the Intercolonial wars and th9 
name by which each of these wars was known in history. 

Ans. (a) King Williams' War (1689-1697), caused by the expulsion of 
King James II. of England. 

(b) Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), caused by contest of Spanish 
throne. 

(c) King George's War (1744-1748), casued by dispute over Aus- 
trian throne. 

(d) French and Indian War (1754-1763), caused by conflicting ter- 
ritorial claims. 

6. What were the causes of the Revolutionary War. (b) Name an 
important battle of each year of that war, and that battle which you regard 
most important. 

Ans. The Revolutionary War was caused by various acts of Parliament, 
but more particularly 'taxation without representation'. 

(b) In 1775, battle of Lexington; in 1776 battle of Long Island; in 1777, 
battle of Saratoga; in 1778, battle of Monmouth; in 1779, battle of Bon- 
homme Richard and Serapis; in 1780, battle of Camden; in 1781, battle of 
Cowpens, and siege of Yorktown, followed by surrender of Cornwallis. I 
consider the battle of Saratoga the most important, as it was the turning 
point of the Revolution. 

7. In the war of 1812. (a) What was the cause of the war? (b) Name 
six land battles. (c) Name three naval battles. (d) Who were the 
American generals in chief? The British generals in chief? 

Ans. The cause of the war was the impressment of American seamen, 
(b) Queenstown Heights, River Raisin, Thames, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, 
New Orleans. (c) Lake Erie, Chesapeake and Shannon, Lake Champlain. 
(d) Dearborne and Scott were the American generals in chief. Brock and 
Packenham were the British commanders. 

8. Tell what you know about: (a) Monroe Doctrine, (b) Nullification 



Go 

Act in South Carolina, (c) Black Hawk War, (d) Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
(e) Omnibus Bill. 

Ans. (a) In 1822 President Monroe declared that for the future the 
American continents were not to be considered as subjects for colonization 
by any European power. 

(b) In 1832 the Legislature of South Carolina declared the tariff law of 
congress to be null and void, and resistance was threatened. 

(c) The Black Hawk War, so named after an Indian chief, broke out in 
1832. In a short time Black Hawk was captured. 

(d) In 1854, when organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, 
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, introduced the bill, advocating "squatter 
sovereignty". 

(e) In 1850, when California made application to be made into a state, 
Henry Clay introduced the "Omnibus Bill", so called because it contained 
provisions to pacify : anti-slavery men, pro-slavery men, and advocates 
of the "squatter sovereignty". 

9. (a) What different constructions of the Constitution by the North 
and South was a remote but real cause of the Civil War? (b) What was 
the immediate cause, and what great issues were settled by it? 

Ans. (a) The North believed the union of the States to be indissoluble. 
The South believed in a compact between sovereign States. The North be- 
lieved highest allegiance to be due to the general government. The South 
believed highest allegiance to be due the state. 

(b) The immediate cause of the war was the bombardment of Fort Sum- 
ter, Slavery was abolished as a result of the war. 

10. What were the most important events in the administration of (a) 
Jefferson, (b) Monroe, (c) Jackson, (d) Polk, (e) Buchanan? 

Ans. (a) Louisiana Purchase; (b) Missouri Compromise; (c) U. S. Bank 
troubles; (d) Mexican War, (e) Dred Scott Decision. 

HISTORY. 

1. What country did Columbus expect to find by sailing West? Did 
he land upon the mainland? 

A. He expected to reach Asia. He did not land upon the mainland un- 
til his third voyage. 

2. Why were the Indians hostile to the settlers? 

A. A failure to understand the motive of the settlers, the frequent un- 
kind treatment of the settlers toward the Indians, and the usurpation of his 
idolized hunting grounds by the settlers. 

3. Name the first three States admitted to the Union and give the date 
of the admission of each. 

A. Vermont, March 4, 1791; Kentucky, June 1, 1792; Tennessee, June 1, 
1796. 

4. Give a short account of the first and last battle of the Revolution. 
A. The first battle was that of Lexington, April 19, 1775. As Gen. 

Gage was going to Concord to destroy the military stores of the patriots 



66 

there his army was intersected as it passed through Lexington by a company 
of Minute men gathered there. Upon their refusal to disperse, they were 
attacked by the British and seven Americans were killed. They destroyed 
the stores at Concord, but lost three hundred men before getting back to 
Boston. 

The last battle was the siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis commanded the 
British; Washington and Rochambeau the patriots and French, 16,000 
strong. They fired the city and the harbor with shot and shell and carried 
two redoubts, one by the Americans and one by the French. Seeing no 
hope of escape, Cornwallis surrendered October 19, 1781, thus ending the 
war. 

5. What was the Omnibus bill? State its leading feature. 

A. It was Clay's celebrated Compi'omise bill of 1850, relative to the 
slavery question that was the paramount political issue of that day, both 
in and out of Congress. It was a bill in some measure at least, possibly 
very greatly, granting the demands of both the North and the South, and 
so stayed the tide of excitement for a while. 

The main features of the bill were: (1) The admission of California as a 
free State. (2) The formation of the Territories of Utah and New Mexico 
witl-out any slavery provisions. (3) The payment of $10,000,000 to Texas 
for territory claimed by it north and west of its present boundaries. (4) 
The prohibition of the slave trade in District of Columbia. (5) The en- 
actment of a Fugitive Slave Law. 

6. What causes led to the Civil War? Name the leading generals on 
each side. 

A. The slavery question. Mutual misunderstanding. Differences in 
climate and industries of the two sections. Misconceptions of the doctrines 
of the Constitution. Publication and reading of rank sectional books and 
papers. The election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency and the secession 
of the Southern States. 

The leading Federal generals were McDowell, McClelland, Hooker, 
Meade, Burnsides, Thomas, Grant, Halleck, Buell and Sherman. The lead- 
ing Confederate generals: Beauregard, Jackson, Johnson, Bragg and Lee. 

7. What Presidents were not elected by the electoral college? How 
was each elected ? 

A. Thomas Jefferson elected over Aaron Burr by House of Representa- 
tives; J. Q. Adams elected by the House of Representatives; R. B. Hayes 
elected by a Joint Electoral Commission. 

8. Which of our Presidents have been military men? In what war or 
wars did each operate? 

A. George Washington in Revolutionary and French and Indian wars; 
Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812-14; W. H. Harrison in war of 1812-14; 
Zachary Taylor in Mexican War; U S. Grant in Civil War; R. B. Hayes 
in Civil War; J. A. Garfield in Civil War; Benjamin Harrison in Civil War; 
Wm. McKinley in Civil War, and Theodore Roosevelt in Spanish-American 
War. 



67 

9. Name the important events in (a) Madison's Administration, (b) 
Jackson's, (c) Folk's, (d) Cleveland's first, (e) McKinley's. 

A. (a) Second war with Great Britain; (b) Rotation in office. Nullifi- 
cation Ordinance, Bank excitement. Black Hawk and Seminole Indian Wars, 
the Admission of Arkansas and Michigan as States and trouble with France, 
(c) Mexican War. (d) Presidential Succession Law, the Electoral Count 
Act, Labor disturbances, Charleston earthquake, and Statue of Liberty un- 
veiled, also the Inter-State Commerce Act. (e) Tariff Acts, Gold Standard 
Act, War with Spain, Galveston flood. 

10. Name the battles of the Civil War that werp fought on Kentucky 
soil. Who were the commanders on each side, and what was the result 
of each battle? 

A. Perry vi lie. Confederate General Bragg; Federal Genei'al, Buel. 
Union victory. Richmond, Confederate General, Smith; Federal General, 
Manson. Confederate victory. Mill Springs, Confederate General, Zolli- 
coffer; Federal General, Thomas. Union victory. 

HISTORY. 

1. Why were the inhabitants of America called Indians? Why was the 
country called America? 

A. Columbus thought he had reached India, hence he called the natives 
Indians, (b) In honor of Americus Vespucius, whose description of the 
country was published first. 

2. How was the country, which is now the U.S ., governed (a) before 
the Revolution? (b) during the Revolution? (c) immediately after the 
Revolution? (d) since 1879. 

A. (a) By the Colonial governments, viz. : Charter, Royal, and Propri- 
etary, (b) By Congress, (c) Articles of Confederation, (d) By the 
Constitutions. 

3. Name the Presidents in order, and state time served by each. 
A. 1. George Washington— two terms, 1789-1797. 

2. John Adams— one term, 1797-1801. 

3. Thomas Jefferson— two terms, 1801-1809. 

4. James Madison— two terms, 1809-1817. 

5. James Monroe — two terms, 1817-1825. 

6. J. Q. Adams— one term, 1825-1829. 

7. Andrew Jackson— two terms, 1829-1837. 

8. Martin VanBuren— one term, 1837-1841. 

9. W. H. Harrison — one month, 1841 — 

10. John Tyler— three years, 11 months, 1841-1845. 

11. Jas. K. Polk-one term, 1845-1849. 

12. Zachary Taylor— One year, 4 months, 1849-1850. 

. 13. Millard Fillmore— two years, 8 months, 1850-1853. 

14. Franklin Pierce— one term, 1853-1857. 

15. Jas. Buchanan — one term, 1857-1861. 

16. A. Lincoln— one term, one month, 1861-1865. 



08 

17. Andrew Johnson— three years, 11 months, 1865-1869. 

18. U. S. Grant— two terms, 1869-1877. 

19. R. B. Hayes -one term, 1877-1881. 

20. J. A. Garfield— six and one half months, 1881— 

21. C. A. Arthur— three years, five and a half months, 1881-1885. 

22. Grover Cleveland— one term 1885-1889. 

23. Ben. Harrison— one term, 1889-1893. 

24. Grover Cleveland- one term, 1893-1897. 

25. Wm. McKinley— one term, 6 months, 1897-1901. 

26. Theodore Roosevelt — one term, six months, 1901-1905. 

4. What was the cause of the war of 1812':' Name its (a) most import- 
ant land battle, (b) naval battle. 

A. The impressment of our seamen, (a) Battle of the Thames . (b) 
Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

5. What was the cause of the Mexican War? What territory did the 
U. S. gain by this war? 

A. (l) Disputed territory in the annexation of Texas. (2) All the ter- 
ritory between Rio Grande River on east. Pacific on the west, Mexico on 
south, and Oregon territory on the north. 

6. Name five important inventions, and the inventor of each. 
A. 1. Cotton jin, by Eli Whitney. 

2. Steamboat, by Robert Fulton. 

3. Telegraph, by S. F. B. Morse. 

4. Sewing Machine, by EliasHowe. 

5. Reaper, by Cyrus W. McCormick. 

7. What President was impeached'? Why? What was the result of the 
trial ? 

A. Andrew Johnson, because of friction between President and Congress 
and his attempt to remove Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. 
8. What Vice-Presidents were elected President? 

A. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt. 

9. Tell what you know about each of the following: (a) Powhatan, (b) 
Tecumseh, (c) Osceola, (d) Black Hawk, (e) King Philip, (f) The Prophet, 
(g) Red Jacket. 

A. (a) The great Indian chief, who condemned John Smith to death, (b) A 
famous chief who formed a confederacy of the Northwest tribes in war of 
1812-14, and was conspicuous in the war till his death, (c) A chief of the 
Seminoles of Florida, and figured in Seminole War in 1835. (d) A fa- 
mous leader of the Sacs and Foxes, who was captured in their resistance to 
leave the lands in Illinois and Wisconsin, which they had sold the whites. 
(e)A son of Massasoit who planned a massacre of the whites by a confeder- 
ation of the Indians and attacked the colonists at Swansea going home from 
church. He gave the settlers much trouble, but was finally shot by a 
faithless Indian, (f) A brother of Tecumseh, and led the Indians at the 
battle of Tippecanoe. (g) A chief of the Seneca tribe of the Iroquoise Na- 
tion of New York. Born 1751; died in 1830. 



69 

10. Name five governors of Kentucky ; five celebrated orators of Ken- 
tucky; five pioneers; five men in state or national oflftce from this State at 
the present time. 

A. Isaac Shelby, James Garrard, Thomas Bramlette, J. P. Knott, W. O. 
Bradley; Thomas Marshall, Henry Clay, Henry Watterson, W. C. P. Breck- 
enridge, John G. Carlisle; Daniel Boone, Squire Boone, Simon Kenton, 
George Rogers Clark, James Calloway; J. C. W. Beckham, Gov. ; J. C. S. 
Blackburn and J. B. McCreary, U. S. Senators; D. H. Smith and Ollie 
James, U. S. Representatives. 

HISTORY. 

1. What effect had the purchase of Louisiana on the later history of the 
U. S.? 

Ans. It was the beginning of expansion of territory, a question that has 
been much agitated in the last years. 

2. Tell how slavery divided the country in regard to occupation and 
trade. 

Ans. The slave States were agricultural in the main ; the nonslave hold- 
ing States were more occupied with manufacturing. Slave labor was 
profitable on the farm; it was worthless in the factory. 

3. Why did President Jackson put a stop to the U. S. Bank in 1832? 
Ans. In his first message, Jackson, believing the Bank of the U. S. to 

be inexpedient and unconstitutional, recommended to Congress to allow the 
bank's charter to expire by its own limitation in 1836. This Congress de- 
clined to do, but Jackson vetoed the bill passed by Congress. 

4. With what invention or discovery are the following men connected: 
(a) Eli Whitney, (b) S. F: B. Morse, (c) W. T. G. Morton, (d) R. Fulton, 
(e)Elias Howe? 

Ans. (a) cotton gin, (b) electric telegraph, (c) anaesthetics, (d) steam- 
boat, (e) sewing machine. 

5. With what great enterprises are the names connected of: (a) Geo. 
Roger Clark, (b) De Witt Clinton, (c) Lewis and Clark, (d) Cyrus W. 
Field, (e) James B. Eads .'' 

Ans. (a) Campaign against the British in Illinois and Ohio during 
the Revolution, (b) Erie Canal, (c) Exploration of Louisiana Purchase, (d) 
Atlantic Cable, (e) Eddies uf the Mississippi projecting into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

6. For what was (a) Jefferson's administration noted? (b) Monroe's? 
(c) Jackson's? (d) Polk's? (e) Buchanan's? (f) Lincoln's? (g) Johnson's? 
(h) Hayes'? (i) Cleveland's? (j) McKinley's? (k) Roosevelt's? 

Ans. (a) Louisiana Purchase; (b) visit of Lafayette; (c) U. S. Bank 
troubles; (d) Mexican War; (e) Secession of Southern States, (f) War of 
the States; (g) Reconstruction of the seceded States; (h) Change in South- 
ern policy of the President; (i) Columbian Exposition at Chicago; (j) War 
with Spain; (k) Strike in the anthracite coal fields. 

7. What States (a) organized the Confederate Government? (b) What 
States joined afterwards? 



70 

Ans. (a) South Carolina, Mississippi, l^'lorida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas, (b) Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee. 

8. In the life of four great Americans, what material can you find for 
character building? 

Ans. They were born poor, but through indomitable energy were success- 
ful. They surmounted all obstacles put in their way, and should be exam- 
ples for the rising generation of what can be accomplished by determination 
combined with tireless energy. 

9. (a) When and by whom was Kentucky settled? (b) When did it 
become a State? (c) Name the places that have been its capitals? (d) 
Name the governors in order of time. 

Ans. (a) About 1775, by Daniel Boone (b) June 1, 1792. (c) Danville, 
Lexington, Frankfort. (d) Shelby, Garrard, (two terms), Greenup, Scott, 
Shelby, Madison, Adair, Desha, Metcalfe, Breathitt, Clark, Letcher, Ows- 
ley, Crittenden, Powell, Morehead, Magoffin, Bramlette, Helm, Leslie, 
McCreary, Blackburn, Knott, Buckner, Brown, Bradley, Goebel, Beckham. 

10. (a) What was the Underground Railroad? (b) What legislation 
was enacted on account of its organization? 

Ans. The Underground Railroad was no railroad at all, but it was so 
called from the impossibility of recovering run-away slaves after they 
had reached certain points in Ohio and Indiana. It seemed as if the ground 
had swallowed them up, and some people said that they were carried to 
Canada by what they called "Underground Railroad". (b) The Fugitive 
Slave Law was enacted. 

HISTORY. 

1. Who was the first white man to see the continent of America? 
When? 

Ans. It is supposed that Leif Ericson, about the year 1001, discovered 
the North American continent. However, it may be that the question re- 
fers to John Cabot in 1497. 

2. Tell what discoveries were made by Columbus on his first and third 
voyages. 

Ans. On his first voyage he discovered San Salvador, Cuba and Hayti. 
On his third voyage he discovered the Continent of South America. 

3. How did America get its name? 

Ans. It got its name from Americus Vespucius, a companion of Colum- 
bus. 

4. When and by whom was St. Augustine founded? 
Ans. In 1565, by the Spaniards under Menendez. 

5. When, by whom, and for what purpose was Georgia founded? 
Ans. In 1732, by James Oglethorpe, for a home for prisoners for debt. 

6. Who invented (a) Steamboat, (b) telegraph, (c) steam engine, 
(d) telephone, (e) cotton gin, (f) sewing machine? 

Ans. (a) James Fitch, yet Fulton made first successful voyage; (b) S. 
F. B. Morse; (c) Jamss Watt; (d) Bell; (e) EliWhitney; (f) Elias Howe. 



71 

7. State the causes of the Civil War. Name the most important battle 
of that war, giving generals on each side, number engaged, and general 
effect on the Southern cause. 

Ans. The cause of the war was slavery. The battle of Gettysburg 
fought by the Federals under Meade and the Confederates under Lee, was 
the leading battle. Authorities differ as to the number of men engaged; it 
was somewhere near 210,000. Ihis battle proved fatal to the Southern 
cause, bringing the end of war near. 

?. What is the Mason and Dixon line? 

Ans. The boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, so called from 
the surveyors who surveyed it. 

9. What were the Alabama claims? 

Ans. The Alabama claims were claims of the Unites States against 
England for damage done by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers 
during the Civil War. These cruisers had been equipped in England. The 
United States in end received $15,500,000. 

10. What is the Monroe Doctrine? 

Ans. In 1822, after the South American States had declared their inde- 
pendence, several European nations were about to aid Spain to bring these 
States back to submission. President Monroe in his message declared that 
any attempt by a European nation to gain dominion in America would be 
considered by the United States as an unfriendly act. He also declared 
that henceforth the American continents were not to be considered as 
subjects to colonization by any European power. This is known as the 
"Monroe Doctrine". 

HISTORY. 

1. Mention one discoverer from each of these nations, and tell his 
principal discovery : (a) England, (b) France, (c) Spain, (d) Portugal. 

Ans. (a) Cabot discovered the Continent of North America. (b) 
Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. (c) DeSoto discovered the Missis- 
sippi river, (d) Magellan first circumnavigated the globe. 

2. (a) What was the point of contest in the French and Indian War? 
(b) How many such wars were there, and by what name is each known? 

Ans. The contest in the French and Indian War proper, was the settle- 
ment of the Ohio Valley, (b) In addition to the French and Indian War, 
there were three other wars known as Intercolonial Wars, known in history 
as: (1) King William's War, (2) Queen Anne's War, (3) King George's 
War. 

3. What territory has been acquired by the United States since the 
Revolution? In what way was each acquired? By what authority? 

Ans. (a) Northwest Territory, ceded by the States. 

(b) Florida purchased or ceded by Spain. 

(c) Louisiana purchase, bought of Napoleon. 

(d) Texas, by annexation. 

(e) Mexican cession by conquest. 



72 

(f) Hawaiian Islands, annexed to the United States. 

(g) Porto Rico, ceded by Spain after the war. 

(h) Philippine Islands, annexed after the Spanish war. 
(i) Terteula and Wake, acquired by treaty with England and 
Germany. 
In each of the above acquisitions it is claimed that the U. S. Constitu- 
tion gave the requisite authority, although Jefferson admitted in regard to 
(c) La. Purchase, that he had "stretched his authority till it fairly 
cracked. " 

4. Name the States that seceded from the Union. 

Ans. South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georiga, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Virginia, Louisiana, Texas. 

5. What was settled by the Webster-Ashburton treaty? 

Ans. (a) The boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick. (b) 
England formally renounced "right of search", although it had not been 
practiced since the war of 1812. 

6. Name seven American statesmen who were in the public eye between 
1775 and 1B50. 

Ans. Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Benton. 

7. What Presidents have not served out their terms of office? Why? 
Who succeeded each? By what authority were their successors entitled to 
assume the duties of President? 

Ans. (a) W. H. Harrison died in office, was succeeded by J. Tyler. 

(b) Zachary Taylor died in office, was succeeded by Millari Fill- 

more. 

(c) Abraham Lincoln, assassinated; succeeded by Andrew John- 

son. 

(d) James A. Garfield, assassinated; succeeded by Chester A. 

Arthur. 

(e) William McKinley, assassinated; succeeded by Theodore 

Roosevelt. 
In each case the Vice President succeeded according to a provision in the 
United States Constitution. 

8. What history is associated with the following names: 

(a) Cold Harbor, battle fought on June 3, 1864. 

(b) Tippecanoe, battle fought on No\ ember 7, 1811. 

(c) Buena Vista, battle fought on February 23, 1847. 

(d) Mill Spring, battle fought, on January 19, 1862. 

(e) Santiago, battle fought on July 1, 1898. 

9. What was the cause of the recent war with Spain? What were the 
results of the war to each country? 

Ans. The inhuman treatment by Spain of the Cubans during the war be- 
tween Spain and Cuba, was the first cause followed by the distruction of 
the battleship Maine on February 15, 1898. The result was the loss to 
Spain of Cuba, Purto Rico, Philippine Islands and nearly her entire fleet. 
The United States acquired Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands. 



73 

10. Where, when and by whom was the first permanent settlement made 
in Kentucky? 

Ans. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made by Daniel 
Boone at Boonesborough,in June, 1775. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. What are the physical changes in a muscle during its action? Which 
of these is the most important? 

Ans. Muscles contract and relax. The former is the most important, 
because all work is done by contraction of the muscles. 

2. Describe the structure of a nerve fiber. What is the function of 
a nerve fiber? 

Ans. Nerve fibers, the essential elements of the nerves, somewhat re- 
semble tubes filled with a clear, jelly-like substance. They consist of a 
rod, or central core, called the Axis Cylinder. This core is surrounded by 
white substance. The whole is inclosed in a thin sheath known as Neuri- 
lemma. The function of a nerve fiber is to conduct influences to and from 
cells. 

3. Describe the action of the heart. 

Ans. The heart is a muscular organ and acts as a force pump. By the 
contraction of the right ventricle blood is forced into the pulmonary artery. 
By the contraction of the left ventricle blood is forced into the aorta. 
When the ventricles relax blood flows into the auricles and so the process 
of circulation is continually maintained. 

4. Explain the mechanical process of respiration. 

Ans. Muscles connect and cover the ribs. They raise the ribs and ex- 
pand the chest. The diaphragm flattens its arch and makes the chest deep- 
er. Thus the size oi the chest can be increased in all directions. When 
the chest expands, air rushes in to distend the lungs. This embrace of air 
into the lungs is called "inspiration". At the end of inspiration the mus- 
cles relax. Thus the weight of the parts and the elasticity of the distend- 
ed lung forces out the air. In addition, the muscles of the abdomen and 
arms can be made to contiact so as to expel the air more forcibly. Driving 
out the air from the lungs is called "expiration". The two processes of 
inspiration and expiration are called respiration. 

5. Describe the structure of the skin. Name the functions of the skin. 
Uses of the different kinds of bathing. 

Ans. The skin is composed of two layers; the outer layer is called cuti- 
cle, the inner is called cutis. The skin has three functions — protection, se- 
cretion, absorption. The uses of bathing are cleansing of the skin especi- 
ally of the pores of the cuticle. A hot bath has a tendency to withdraw 
blood from the interior and bring it to the surface, A cold bath has the 
opposite effect of a warm bath. 

6. Describe the process of mastication. What are the effects of imper- 
fect mastication? 

Ans. By mastication the food is cut and ground by the teeth, effected 



74 



by the vertical and lateral movements of the lower jaw. At the same time 
it is moistened by saliva, secreted by the parotid, submaxillary and sub- 
lingual glands. This saliva changes starch to sugar. Imperfect mastica- 
tion results in imperfect insalivation, and this is likely to cause dyspepsia. 

7. Name the parts of the brain and state the chief functions of each. 

Ans. The three parts of the brain are: (1) the cerebrum is the chief 
seat of the sensations, the intellect, the will and the emotions. 

(2) The cerebellum, which is supposed to control muscular action. 

(3) The medulla oblongata, whose functions are closely connected with 
the vital processes. It is also the seat of a number of centers for reflex 
actions. 

8 . Describe the structure of the ear (using a diagram). Explain how 
we hear. 

(a) Outer air passage. 

(b) Membrana tympano. 

(c) Malleus. 

(d) Incus. 

(e) Stapes. 

(f ) Semicircular canals 

(g) Vestibule of inner ear. 
(h) Cochlea, 
(i) Eustachian tube, 
(j) Tympanum of middle ear. 

When any elastic body, such as a bell, is struck, it vibrates rapidly. The 
surrounding air vibrates also. Some of these air waves enter the ear, and 
cause the air of the outer ear to vibrate. These vibrations are conveyed 
through the tympanum to the inner ear. The watery fluid of the inner ear 
will likewise vibrate and thus irritate the nerves of hearing so as to produce 
those sensations on the brain that the mind learns to know as sound. 

9. Give detailed directions for the resuscitation of a person apparently 
dead from drowning. Give reasons for this method. 

A. Treat the case at once. Strip the clothing from tlie throat and chest. 
Apply dil^uted ammonia to the nostrils at intervals . Place the person gently 
on his face, with the forehead resting on the arm, so that the enti'anee to the 
windpipe may be open. Turn the body upon the side and again upon the face, 
alternately every few seconds. When the body is turned upon the face, make 
gentle pressure over the chest to aid in expelling the contents, and remove 
such pressure upon turning the body on the side, in order that the chest may 
fill with air . Persevere in this movement for two or three hours, or until 
breathing is restored. Remove the wet clothing and replace with warm, dry 
wrappings. The object is to expel the water from the body and to introduce 
air into the lungs. 

10. Name five books on hygiene suitable for pupils, stating the special 
advantages of each. 

A. Carpenter, Flink, Dalton, Gray, Hutchison. 




75 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Name, locate and describe eight glands, and state the function of 
each. 

A. ( ) -'Salivary glands," 3 in each half of lower jaw (parotid, sub- 
maxillary, sublingual) : they secrete saliva. 

(2) "Sebaceous glands, " at the root of each hair, secreting oil, 
wiiich keeps the hair glossy. 

(3) "Perspiratory glands," under the skin, secreting perspiration. 

(4) 'Liver," secreting bile. 

(;')) "Lachrymal glands," just above eyeball, secreting tears. 

(6) "Mesenteric glands," in intestines, filter material before it en- 
ters the blood. 

(7) "Lymphatic glands," in intestines, act like "mesenteric." 

(8) "Spleen," beneath diaphragm. Its office is not understood. 

2. Describe the composition of the blood. Name and describe the organs 
of circulation, and trace a drop of blood through the entire circulation. 

A The blood is composed of corpuscles, both red and white, and of 
plasma, composed of serum and fibiin. The organs of circulation are: Heart, 
arteries, veins, cap'ilarics. The blood enters into the right auricle of the 
heart and flows in*;o the right ventricle. The biscuspid valves prevent its flow- 
ing back. By the contraction of the ventricle it is forced into the pulmonary 
artery. Semilunar valves prevent its return. The pulmonary artery carries 
the blood to the lungs, where it is purified, taken up by the capillaries and sent 
to rhe pu'monary vein, which carries it t" the left auricle, whence it flows 
into the left ventricle. The mitral, or bicuspid valves prevent regurgitating. 
It is then forced into the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent flowing back. The 
aorta and its branches carry the blood through the body. 

3. While in the lun^^s what changes take place in (a) the blood, (b) the 
air? 

A. (a) The blood takes in oxygen and gives up carbon; (b) the air gives 
up oxygen and takes iij carbon. 

4 Name all 'he or .s engaged in the process of cleansing the blood. 
Locfite each and dt.-.crii ^ its function in the process. 

A. (I) The lungs f if^sjribed in No. 3 above. (2) The skin by secret- 
ing waste matte'*, principally salts and water. (3) The kidneys by secreting 
soluble salts and uree.. (4) Many glands as pointed out in No. 1. 

(5) Give ? minute description of the eye, telling (a) structure, (b) the 
coats, (c) how connected with the brain, (d) how protected, (e) draw a 
longitudina.1 section of the eye 



76 




A. The accompanying diagram will 
expla'n all: It is nearly round, has 3 
coats: (c) sclerotic, (d) choroid, (e) 
retina. 

It is connected with the brain by (k) 
optic nerve. 

It is protected by the orbit, eyelids, 
eyelashes . 



6. What malformation of the eyeball produces nearsightedness? Why? 
What kind of glasses remedy this? 

A. Too great convexity of the eyeball produces nearsightedness. The 
rays of light come to a focus before reaching the retina. Concave glasses 
remedy this defect. 

7. Make a complete outline of the bones showing the names of all of them 
properly classified. 

A. The bones may be classed as: (1) Bones of the head (2) Bones of 
the trunk. (3) Bones of upper limbs. (4) Bones of lower limbs. 





1. Skull ^ 


2 


frontal , , ., 
. ^ , 1 sphenoid 
parietal 




8 bones 


2 

u 


temporal ^ ^^^^^.^ 
occipital 






"2 


super maxillary 






2 


malar 






2 


nasal 


1. Head _ 
28 bones 


2. Face 


2 


lachrymal 


14 bones 


2 


palate 






2 


turbinated 






1 


vomer 






^1 


lower maxillary 




3. Ear 

6 bones 


l2 


hammer 

anvil 

stirrup 



77 



2. Trunk 
54 bones 



1. 



Spiaal column 
26 bones 



Ribs 
24 bones 

Sternunn 
2 Hip bones 
Hyoid bone 



7 cervical vertebrae 
12 dorsal vertebrae 

\ 5 lumbar 

I sacrum 

Lcocyx 

fV true ribs 
3 false ribs 

i 2 floating ribs 



r 



Upper Limbs 
64 bones 



1. Upper A m 



-> 2. Fore Arm 



fl- 



4. Lower Limbs 



3. Hand 



1. Thigh- 



Scapula 
Clavicle 
Humerus 
Ulna 
Rudius 
8 carpal 
^ 5 metacarpal 
1^14 phalanges 
femur 



J 



2. Lower Leg -{ 



3. Foot 



(b) 



patella 

tibia 

fibula 

7 tarsal 

5 metatarsal 
14 phalanges 
In what way do voluntary acts be- 



By 

(c) 



8. (a) What is reflex action? 
come reflex? 

A. (a) Reflex actions are actions independent of consciousness, (b) 
habit. 

9. Name the m.embranes that cover (a) the heart, (b) intestines, 
brain, (d) lungs, (e) bones. 

A. (a) Pericardium, (b) peritoneum, (c) pericranium, (d) pleura, (e) peri- 
osteum. 

10. Locate (a) the jugular vein, (b) portal vein, (c) thoracic duct, (d) 
spleen, (e) membrana tympana. 

A. (a) The jugular vein is in the side of the neck, (b) the portal vein is 
in the liver, (c) the thoracic duct is a tube about 15-18 inches long, in front of 
the spine; it opens into vena cava; (d) spleen lies beneath diaphragm— it is a 
gland, the use of which is not understood; (e) the membrana tympana is a 
partition separating the outer from the middle ear. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Locate describe and give functions of the following: (a) Periosteum, 



78 

(b) pylorus, (c) pericardium, (d) larynx, (e) biceps. 

A. (a) A membrane or sheath surrounding the bone, cartilaginous in na- 
ture and ossifies; (b) between stomach and intestines, a muscular valve or 
gate closing the opening or opening to let food pass when properly acted upon 
in stomach; (c) around the heart, a membrane to envelop and nourish as well 
as protect that vital organ; (d) a cartilaginous box in the throat from which the 
wind pipe opens; (e) long muscles in the forearm of two sections, the func- 
tions of which are to move the hand, fingers and forearm. 

2. Describe the process and effects of respiration; name all the organs 
engaged in the process. 

A. Respiration is the alternate inspiration and expiration of air in the 
lungs. It is indispensable to life and health in that it applies the life-giving 
oxygen and removes the refuse and waste matter from the blood. The organs 
are nose, mouth, wind pipe, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm. 

3. What is the function of the blood? How is it purified? Name three 
organs that are engaged in the work of purifying the blood? 

A. To carry warmth and nourishment to and remove waste matter from 
the different part? of the body. It is purified by the air and the different 
secretory and excretory organs, viz : The lungs, the skin, the kidneys and ' he 
different glands of the body. 

4. Explain how the join^ s are lubricated, the eyes kept moist and the 
skin kept pliant , 

A. The joints are lub) icated by synovis supplied by glands at the joints. 
The eye is kept moist by lae lachrymal glands and oil glands around it. The 
skin is kept pliant by the sebaceous glands, 

5. Explain how exercise is beneficial . 

A. It is conducive to development, growth and health by making all the 
organs active. 

6. Why do the bones of old people break more easily than those of chil- 
dren? 

A. Because of the excess of mineral matter in the bones and the conse- 
quent loss of elasticity . 

7. How are the joints held together? 

A. By the ligaments, sockets and air pressure. 

8. What is reflex action? 

A. Any action performed without the voluntary exercise of the will. 

9. Give a full description of the ear. 

A. It is composed: the external cartilaginous skin covered portioi. to 
catch and direct the sound, the middle portion or drum, m which ire placed 
the three curious bones, the hammer, anvil and stapes, and f -om which the 
eustachian tube leads to the throat, and the inner ear or labyrinth, conipos*^d 
of the hallway, the canals and the snail's shell, in the lining membranes of 
which are found the ends of the auditory nerves, wh'ch receive aiiC" carry to 
the brain the impressions which result in hearing or sound. Thei^e organs are 
very delicate. 



79 

10. What are the uses of the hair and nails? 

A. Ornamentation and protection from injury, while the nails are other- 
wise serviceable to the body. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Name the organs that compose the digestive apparatus, and state the 
function of each. 

A. The mouth, function— mastication and insalivation; the esophagus or 
gullet, deglutition; the stomach, chymification; the intestines, chylification. 

2. Describe the composition of the blood . What causes coagulation and 
what purposes does it serve? 

A. It is composed of an almost colorless fluid called the plasma, and 
millions of little red corpuscles which float about in it and give it its color, and 
thousands of white corpuscles, whose function is veiled in uncertainty. Co- 
agulation is caused by the fibrine element of the plasma coming in contact 
with the air causing it to clot and plug up a wound and thus prevent bleeding 
to death — the own wise provision of omniscient nature. 

3. Locate, describe and give the functions of the following; (a) Pleura, 

(b) diaphragm, (c) lachrymal glands, (d) hyoid bone, (e) Haversian canals. 

A. (a) A membra!"!e covering the lung and lining the chest, (b) a mus- 
cular partition between the chest and abdomen that assists the process of 
respiration, (c) glands in the cavity of the eye for the secretion of tears, (d) 
the bone in the base of the tongue to support the hyoid arch, (e) large canals 
on the interior of the bone through which nourishment is carried to them. 

4. Describe and locate the following glands and state what fluid is se- 
creted by each: (a) Gastric, (b) sebaceous, (c) lymphatic, (d) perspiratory, 
(e) intestinal. 

A. (a) Numerous small glands in the lining of the stomach which secrete 
gastric juice, (b) the small glands of the skin which secrete the oil for its use, 

(c) the glands in the walls of the intestines that absorb the digested food, 

(d) the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration, (e) the lacteals and me- 
senteric in the walls of the intestines and pancreas near the upper part of the 
intestines and secrete the pancreatic juice. 

5. Explain how the body is kept warm. 

A. By the action of the oxygen in the blood in the oxidation of the food 
and the excretion of waste matter heat is generated, and the constant sup- 
ply of it keeps the body v/arm. 

6. What is the use of the marrow in the bones? V/hat is a sprain? A 
dislocation? 

A. To fill up the hollow of the interior and make it lighter according to 
size and as a medium for proper nourishment and growth. A sprain is a rup- 
ture of the ligament at the joint. A dislocation is a violent throwing of the 
ball from the socket of a joint. 

7. Name the divisions of the brain and its coverings. 

A. The cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The coverings are 
the pia mater, du] a mater and the arachnoid. 



80 

8. What is a ganglion? What is paralysis? Why does dyspepsia effect 
the heart? 

A. A small nerve centei-. Paralysis is loss of function, particularly of 
motion or feeling. Dyspepsia affects the'heart through the intimate relation 
between it and the stomach established by the sympathetic nervous system. 

9. Give a minute description of the eye. 

A. It is globular in shape, composed of the three coats — sclerotic, 
charoid and retina - and the iris, in center of which is the pupil, just behind 
which is the chi-ystalline lens. In the front chamber of the eye is the aqueous 
humor, and in the back is the vitreous humor. 

10. ,. How does the use of alcohol affect the function of the kidneys and 
the skin? 

A. It impairs their functions by causing overwork and disease in them. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1 The ct^lls of the human body are composed mainly of (a) water, (b) 
fat, (c) albumen, (d) sugar and (e) certain minerals. What are the uses of 
each. 

A. (a) Water is needed for all parts of the body -without water it 
would crumble; (b) fat enters into the composition of muscle and certain parts 
that cover other organs, and acts as a cushion for protection; (c) albumen is 
found in muscle and is one of the main ingredients of the blood; (d) sugar is a 
food for the body, liiiewise is the fat, (e) minerals enter into composition of 
blood. 

2. (a) Account for the failure of alcoholic drink to satisfy thirst, (b) 
What is a food? (c) The hygiene of cooking? 

A. (a) Alcohol absorbs water, hence produces thirst, does not alleviate it. 
(b) A food is any substance that nourishes the body, (o) We cook our food 
to break its cells, and make it more readily assimilated. 

3. (a) Describe the nature of disease and how drugs tend to restore 
health, (b) Name several common poisons and their antidotes. 

A. By violating the laws of nature our bodies become sick; that is the 
condition of the body is abnormal, and by using the right remedy (drug) the 
normal condition (health) is restored, (b) Carbolic acid, antidote, epsom 
salts; bella donna, antidote, emetic and coffee; acids in general, antidote, any 
alkali; arsenic, antidote, hydrated peroxide of iron. 

4. What is the chief function of the red corpuscles of the blood? (b) The 
white? 

A. (a) Red corpuscles nourish the cells of the body; (b) white corpuscles 
px-event foreign substances from entering circulation, and they help in heal- 
ing wounds. 

5. Where provision has not been made for the ventilation of a school 
room, what can the teacher do about it? 

A. The teacher cannot do much, but by lowering the top window sash 
and raising the lower sash a few inches, and inserting a narrow board in the 
lower opening so that a spaca is left between the sashes v for the entrance of 



81 

fresh air 

6. Discuss the hygiene of the skin, including the care of the nails and 
the hair, (b) What is skin gi'afting? 

A. The skin has numberless pores. It is necessary to keep these open 
by washing and bathing. In this way all impurities are removed and the skin 
is kept healthy. Hair and nail are appendages of the skin. The former 
should be brushed in order to keep it smooth and glossy. The nails need trim- 
ming, but no scraping, and all cleansing should be done with a soft instrument. 

7. Name and locate exactly (a) 5 bones of the head, (b) 5 of the face. 

A. (a) 1. Frontal (forehead); 2. temporal (temples), 3. parietal (side 
of head), 4. occipital (posterior base), 5. ethmoid (base of the nose), (b) 

1. Nasal (bridge of the nose), 2. malar (cheek), 3. lachrymal (corner of or- 
bit), 4. palate (roof of mouth), 5. maxillary (jaw). 

8. What is a gland? A muscle? An organ? 

A. A gland is an oi'gan that separates some particular fluid from the 
blood. A muscle is a collection of cells which can become thicker and shorter 
and so produce motion. An organ is a collection of tissues having a definite 
form and purpose. 

9. What is the effect on the mind of great anger? 

A. Anger may cause blood to flow in too large quantities tO the brain, 
cause congestion, possibly paralysis or even death. 

10. Describe the ear, naming all its parts. 

A. I. External ear: 1. pinna or aurich, 2. External auditory canal. II. 
Middle ear: 1. tympanum, 2. two foramens, 3. eustachian tube: 4. bones of 
the ear— 1. anvil, 2. hammer, 3. stirrup. III. Internal ear: 1. vestibule, 

2. semi-circular canals, 3. cochlea, 4. auditory nerve. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Define (a) tendon, (b) connective tissue, (c) cell, (d) organ, (e) gland. 
A . (a) A tendon is a white, pliable, nonelastic cord by which muscles are 

attached to the bones; (b) connective tissue is composed of stringlike cells 
scattered through the body to keep other cells in place; (c) an organ is a col- 
lection of tissues having a definite function to perform; (e) a gla^d is a col- 
lection of microscopic tubes which form a watery substance within the body; 
the function of a gland is to secrete a fluid . 

2. How many bones in the human skeleton? 

A. 206 or 208, depending on counting 3 or 4 bones in the ear. 

3. What organ is injured most by use of tobacco?- 
■A. The heart is most affected by the use of tobacco. 

4. What parts of the body require most clothing? Why? 

A. The back, chest and abdomen requii-e most clothing because they are 
least able to resist cold. 

5. What is a normal pulse; a normal temperature? 

A A normal pulse is about 72 beats per minute. The average tempera- 
ture is 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit. 
.6. What is the effect of alcohol on the brain? 



82 

Ans. The brain being largely composed of albumen, alcohol has a ten- 
dency to harden or paralyze it. 

7. What is laryngitis'? Pneumonia? 

Ans. Laryngitis is inflamation of the larynx. Pneumonia is an in- 
flamation affecting the air cells in the lungs. 

8. Explain how using a muscle will cause it to grow larger. 

Ans. Exercise causes an increase flow of blood ; this, in turn, makes 
more tissue, consequently exercise increases both the size of and the 
efficiency of muscles. For illustration, we may mention the biceps muscles 
of a blacksmith. 

9. Explain how we hear. 

Ans. The pinna, auditory canal, middle ear cavity, eustachian tube and 
the chain of bones work together to facilitate the reception of vibrations 
from without and to transmit them to the interior. Hearing commences 
in the labyrinth. The auditory nerve in the labyrinth receives modified 
vibrations and generates auditory impusles. These impulses passing over 
the auditory nerve and reaching certain parts of the brain induce auditory 
sensation. The appreciation of sound waves is ultimately a mental act. 

10. Describe the heart. 

Ans. The heart is a hollow muscular organ, capable of contraction as 
all other muscles. Its shape is conical. Its side lies upon the diaphragm 
with its tip pointing downward, forward and to the left. It is almost 
covered by the lungs, is covered by a .nembrane called pericardium. The 
hsart has four chambers, 2 in each half. The top cavities are auricles, 
the lower ones, ventricles. By contraction of the heart blood is forced into- 
the arteries. The heart is the great force pump of the body. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. What fluids are secreted in the alimentary canal? By what is each 
fluid secreted and for what purpose? 

Ans. (a) Saliva, secreted by the salivary glands; changes starch to^ 
sugar. (b) Gastric juice, secreted by gastric glands; acts on albumen, 
(c) Pancreatic juice, secreted by pancreas; acts on starch, (d) Bile, se- 
creted by the liver; acts on fatty portions. 

2. In case of the rupture of a blood vessel, by what two tests would you 
determine whether it was a vein or an artery? In either case what would 
you do to stop the flow of blood? 

Ans. If the blood is dark and flows uniformly a vein is cut; if the 
blood is bright red and flows by jets it is an artery. To stop the flow of 
blood from a vein apply pressure and a bandage in a direction which is not 
between the wound and the heart. To stop the flow of blood from an artery- 
apply pressure between the wound and the heart. 

3. (a) What is a gland? (b) What is the largest gland in the body? 
(c) Name five others. 

Ans. (a) A gland is an organ whose function it is to secrete some fluid 
from the blood, (b) The liver is the largest gland in the body, (c) Sal- 
ivary, gastric, lachrymal, perspiratory, sebaceous. 



83 

4. (a) What Is osmosis? (b) Give an example. 

Ans. (a) Osmosis is diffusion of liquids and gases through membranes. 

(b) In the lungs the blood takes up oxygen and loses carbon throueh 
osmosis. 

5. Locate, describe and give functions of (a) cochlea, (b) conjunctiva, 

(c) duodenum, (d) cardiac orifice, (e) altar bone. 

Ans. (a) The cochlea is the spiral cavity of the internal ear, containing 

the fibers of Corti that vibrate in sympathy with the different shades 

of sound. (b) The conjunctiva is a thin layer of mucous membrane which 

lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball, joining the latter to 

the lids, (c) The duodenum is the first division of the small intestines. 

(d) The cardiac orifice is the opening of the stomach next to the heart. 

(e) The altar bone is the top joint of the spinal column. 

6. Name four classes of joints and give examples of each. 

Ans. 1. Ball and socket at hips and shoulder; 2. hinge at elbow; (c) 
compound ,at the wrist; 4. sutures, in the skull. 

7. What causes (a) a fanting, (b) apoplexy, (c) sleeplessness? 

Ans. (a) Fainting is caused by lack of blood being driven to the brain, 
(b) Apoplexy is caused by blood escaping into the brain, (c) Sleeplessness 
may be caused by an empty stomach or by an over supply of blood in the 
brain. 

8. Name five involuntary motions. 

Ans. Winking, breathing, beating of the heart, movement of the in- 
testines, movement of the blood. 

9. What cavities are in the skeleton? What does each contain? 

Ans. The upper cavity of the trunk, called thorax or chest ; contains 
lungs, heart, etc. The lower cavity, called abdomen ; contains the liver, 
stomach, intestines and other organs. 

10. Describe the skin and its layers. Name four distinct functions 
that it performs. 

Ans. The skin, or outer covering of the body, is an elastic organ com- 
posed of two layers— the outer or cuticle; the inner, or cutis. The skin: (a) 
covers, (b) protects, (c) secretes, (d) absorbs. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What are the qualifications of a voter in Kentucky? 

Ans. All male persons over 21 years of age who have lived in the State 
one year, in the county six months, and in the precinct where they offer to 
vote sixty days are voters. 

2. How many members in each branch of the General Assembly? How 
are they elected and for what term? When and how often do they meet? 

Ans. There are 100 members in the House, 38 members in the Senate. 
Both are elected by the people, the members of the house for two years, 
the Senators for four years. They meet on the first Monday of January 
every two years. The governor can call also an extra session. 

3. What officers constitute the Sinking Fund Commission? The State 



84 

Board of Education? 

Ans. Tne Sinking Fund Commissioners are: Governor, Secretary of 
State, Auditor, Treasurer and Attorney General. 

The State Board of Education consists of the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State. 

4. How many members compose the Court of Appeals of Kentucky? 
Are they elected or appointed, and for what term? 

Ans. The Court of Appeals is composed of seven judges, elected for a 
term of eight years. j 

5. How are members of the United States Supreme Court selected, and 
for what term? How many membei's? 

Ans. Judges of the U. S. Supreme Court are appointed by the President 
of the United States for life or during good behavior. It is composed of 
one Chief Justice and eight associates. 

6. How may a foreigner become a citizen of the United States? 
(Give the process in full). 

Ans. After a residency of three years in the United States a person 
must declare his intentions to become an American citizen and swear off 
allegiance to the country he came from. In two years more he declares the 
same in open court and becomes a citizen. 

7. What was the principal weakness of the Government during the 
revolution? 

Ans. There was no executive, no judiciary, and congress could rec- 
ommend everything, but execute nothing. 

8. Explain how a bill may become a law. How many persons sign it? 

Who? 

Ans. After a measure has passed both houses it is given to the Presi- 
dent to sign. If he signs it, it is a law. If he does not sign it he returns 
it with his objection to the house where it originated. In order to be- 
come a law it then requires a two-third vote in each house. If the President 
does not return a bill in ten days, Sundays excepted, it is a law, unless 
congress adjourns in that time. The presiding officers of both houses sign 
the bills and the President of the United States. 

9. How may a territory become a State? 

Ans. Congress can admit new States. They first pass an enabling act. 
Then the people frame a Constitution and elect State officers, and congress 
at last admits the new state. 

10. The prosperity of a State depends largely upon the intelligence of 
its citizens. The better informed the people are the more prosperous, as a 
rule, thay will be. The State fui-niahes facilities for education to all alike, 
and it has a right to demand that these facilities shall be taken advantage 
of. We must remember that every right has a duty accompanying it. All 
children have a right to go to school, and on the other hand, it is their duty 
to take advantage of these privileges. It is also the duty of parents to 
educate their children, and it is the duty of the children to take advantage 
of the facilities to acquire an education given them by their parents. No 



85 

good reason can be assigned why a State should not enforce the education 
of its youth, since education is that training of mental, physical and moral 
faculties of a person, which will enable him to make the best possible use 
of himself. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (a) How many United States Senators has each State, (b) Who 
are the Unites States Senators from Kentucky? (1905) 

(a) Two. (b) J. C. S. Blackburn and James B. McCreary. 

2. How is the President elected? 

By the Electoral College, which is composed of as many votes as there 
are Senators and Representatives in congress. The people cast their votes 
for electors whu meet at the State Capitol and there vote for President 
and Vice President. Their votes are sent to Washington and the count is 
made before the Senate and House in February. 

3. In what cases have the United States Courts jurisdiction? 

(1) To all cases arising under laws passed by congress. 

(2) Suits arising on the ocean. 

(3) Cases affecting the representatives of this Government and 
foreign countries. 

(4) Cases in which the United States becomes a party. 

(5) Controversies between citizens of different States. 

(6) Cases between a State and the citizens of another State. 

(7) Cases between citizens living in the same State claiming lands 
under grants by different States. 

4. Explain what you mean by "change of venue". 

The transferring of a case from one county or judicial district to another 
county or district. 

5. Explain what is meant by a "Bill of Attainder". 

It is an act passed by a legislative body inflicting the death penalty with- 
out the accused being tried. 

6. Name three powers of the Senate exclusive of those held in common 
with the House of Representatives. 

(a) Try impeachments, (b) ratify treaties, (c) confirmation of ap- 
pointments made by the President. 

7. Name the United States Courts. 

(a) Supreme Court, (b) Circuit Court of Appeals, (c) United States 
Circuit Courts, (d) District Courts, (e) Court of Claims. 

8. (a) What is the salary of the President of the United Stats? 
(b) Of the Speaker of the House? (c) Of a Senator? 

(a) $50,000 a year, (b) $8,ooo a year, (c) $5,000 a year. 

9. (a) When does congress meet? (b) How long is it in session? 
(a) The first Monday in December of each year, (b) The sessions are 

divided into a long and short term ; the first session may continue for one 
year, but the short term cannot remain longer than March 3. After it con- 
gress assembles in December precedii g. 



8G 

10. (a) How many members in the Kentucky Legislature? (b) How 
are they elected? 

(a) Composed of 138 members; 38 Senators and 100 Representatives. 

(b) Elected by the people. Repieseutatives for a term of two years and 
Senators for a term of four years. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1 What should be the chief object of every Government? 

Ans. The chief object of every Government should be maintenance of 
rules by which life, libertv and property are protected and which will enable 
man to live in a social state. 

2. By what bonds were the States united from 1775 to 1789? 
Ans. Articles of Confederation. 

3. What were some of the objections to the Articles of Confederation? 
Ans. Congress could make laws but had no power to enforce them. It 

could declare war, but possessed no means to carrj it on. It had no power 
to levy or collect taxes. 

4. (a) How often and when does congress assemble? (b) The General 
Assembly of Kentucky? 

Ans. (a) Once each year on the first Monday in Deceniber. (b) The 
first Tuesday after the first Monday in January following their election. 

5. What is the constitutional definition of a citizen? 

Ans. A citizen is a member of the body politic, bound to allegiance 
and entitled to protection at home and abroad. 

6. What is the principal object in taking the census? (b) How often 
is it taken? 

Ans. (a) To proportion representation in congress and equalize taxa- 
tion, (b) Every ten years. 

7. What bills must originate in the House of Representatives? Why? 

An«. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, (a) Because the members are elected by a direct vote of the 
people and are supposed to represent the people's views. 

8. (a) Under what circumstances does the House of Representatives 
elect a President? (b) How many times and when has this occurred? 

Ans. (a) When a candidate fails to receive a majority of the electoral 
votes. (b) It has occurred three times. In the election of 1804 when 
Jefferson was declared President and again in 1828 when Adams was elected 
by the house. In 1876 the election was referred to a joint High Commission 
and Hayes was declared elected. 

9. What punishment under the Constitution may follow impeachment by 
the Senate? 

Ans. Forfeiture of oflSce. 

10. (a) How may the Constitution ba amended? Name two prohibi- 
tions on the right of amendment. 

Ans. By a vote of two-thirds of both houses and the ratification of 
three-fourths of the States. 



87 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Outline the Constitution of Kentucky in its main divisions, telling 
what sorts of governmental functions are found under each head. 

Ans. After the preamble cornea the bill of rights. Next the divisions 
of the powers of government into legislative, or law making, executive, 
or law enforcing, and judicial, is considered. The last named division, 
judicial, sees whether or not the laws are agreeable to the constitution. 
After this the constitution treats of suffrage and elections, municipalities, 
revenue ani taxation, education, corporations, militia and some minor 
topics. The constitution also provides for its own revision. 

2. What functions of government are carried on in Kentucky by (a) the 
county, (b) the city? 

Ans. In Kentucky, as elsewhere, counties are organized for convenience 
in the legislative, e?;ecutive and judicial departments. Some laws may be 
necessary in part of the bteite and not in others, and these the people of 
those parts can best make for themselves. Besides officers are needed, 
as sheriffs and tax collectors, and there are also many lov/er courts. The 
county, moreover, can best take care of such matters as public roads, 
schools, etc. 

(b) When the population of any locality becomes denser the public peace 
is oftener disturbed, disputes about property arise, crime increases, and 
the form of government must become stronger. Such a locality is then in- 
corporated in a city with its own charter. However, the form of govern- 
ment closely resembles that of the State and of the United States, being 
divided into legislative, executive and judicial departments. 

3. What is the difference between a citizen and a voter? 

Ans. Any person residing in a particular locality is a citizen of that 
locality, but there are certain qualifications according to the constitution 
necessary before a person becomes a voter. 

4. What constitutional compromise resulted fx'om the different industrial 
developments of the northren and southern colonies? 

Ans. Section IX, Article I, 1st clause: The migration or importation 
of such persons as any of the States, now existing, shall think proper to 
admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year 1808, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars 
for each person. 

5. Outline fully the judicial system of the United States. 

Ans. It is composed of a Supreme Court and the following courts estab- 
lished by congress: (a) Circuit courts of appeals, (b) circuit courts, (c) 
district courts, (d) Court of Claims, (e) courts of the district of Columbia, 
and (f) territorial courts. 

6. Enumerate the powers given to congress and discuss any one of them. 
Ans. (1) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; (2) 

borrow money on the credit of the United States; (3) to regulate com- 
merce with foreign nations and among the several States, and with the 
Indiins; (4) to establish a uniform rule of naturalization; (5) to coin 



88 

money; (6) to establish postoffices and post road??; (7) to provide for grant- 
ing of patents and copyrights; (8) to provide and maintain army; (9) to pro- 
vide and maintain a navy; (10) to organize courts below the Supreme Court. 
The above are some of the most important powers. 

(b) (5) To coin money. No State can coin money. The object is to 
make it uniform and of a fixed value by deciding how much gold or silver 
shall be put in a given coin, and to determine the relative value of foreign 
coins. 

7. Tell how a treaty is made and abrogated. 

Ans. The power to make treaties rests with the President. He ap- 
points agents to confer with the agents of the other nation. A copy of 
the articles of agreement is sent to each government to be ratified. In 
the United States two-thirds of the Senate must concur before a treaty is 
binding. 

I believe it requires the same steps to abrogate a treaty that are required 
to negotiate one. 

8. How is it that a presidential candidate may have a minority of the 
electoral vote and a majority of the popular votei' 

Ans. In some States the popular majority may run very high. However, 
in the electoral college there will be for that State only as many votes as 
the State has representatives in both houses of congress. On the other 
hand, a State having, perhaps, two or three times as many electoral votes 
may give but a small popular majority. 

9. Define: (a) Import duty, (b) export duty, (c) excise, (d) direct 
tax, (e) poll tax, (f) habeas corpus, (g) treason, (h) confederation, (i) 
federation, (j) bill of attainder. 

(a) Indirect tax on imports, (b) indirect tax on exports, (c) duties on 
goods manufactured and sold here, (dj tax on individuals, (e) a tax paid by 
every person over 21 years of age, (f) this is a writ issued by a court and 
commanding a sheriff or whoever has a prisoner in custody to produce the 
body of said prisoner in court; (g) treason agninst the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort, (h) and (i) banding together, uniting in a 
league, (j) an act inflicting foi-feiture of property and loss of civil rights 
(among others to transmit property to heirs), and condemning to death 
without a regular trial. 

10. What does the school law of Kentucky provide regarding the quali- 
fications of teachers? 

Ans. Under the present law there are thi-ee grades of teachers' certifi- 
cates: (1) State diploma, valid for life in any of the public schools of 
the State, provided the holder does not fail for two successive years in ac- 
tive school work. (2) State certificate, valid for eight years and renewable 
for a second period of eight years under the same restriction as the State 
diploma. (3) County certificate. These are of 1st class, valid for four 
years; 2d class, valid for two years, 3d class, valid for one year. A third 
class certificate can be issued only once to an applicant. 



CIVICS. 

1. (a) What is a sovereign State. (b) Is Kentucky a sovereign State? 
Ans. (a) A State is sovereign if there is no power outside its body of 

people which dictates to it in any way. (b) Kentucky is not a sovereign 
State, nor any other State, but the United States is a sovereign state. 

2. What is the highest function of the Supreme Court of the United 
States? 

Ans. To try cases that arise under tha Constitution. 

3. (a) What authority in the several States prescribes the times, places 
and manner of holding election for the U. S. Senator? (b) What authority 
has Congress in the matter? 

Ans. (a) The State Legislature, (b) Congress may at any time, by 
law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing 
Senators. 

4. How are vacancies filled in (a) the U. S Senate? (b) House of Rep- 
resentatives? (c) U. S. Judgeship? (d) For what length of time are va- 
cancies filled in each of these instances? 

Ans. (a) If the Legislature is in session at the time the Legislature 
elects for the unexpired part of the'^time, otherwise the Governor appoints 
till the Legislature meets, (b) By special election called by the governor 
for the unexpired part of the term. (c) The President appoints. 

5. What constitutc's a legal voter in Kentucky? 

Ans. Any male inhabitant over 21 years old, who has resided in the 
State one year, in the county six months, and in the precinct sixty days is 
a legal voter in such precinct. 

6. (a) Are all citizens entitled to a vote? (b) Can any person other 
than citizens vote in any of the states? 

Ans. (a) No; the Legislature prescribes the necessary conditions. (b) 
I believe there are some States where this is allowed, but I am unable to 
give particulars. 

7. Why does the Constitution provide for the election of President by 
electors rather than by popular vote? 

Ans. The object was twofold: (1) to keep the legislative and executive 
departments distinct. For this reason no member of Congress or civil 
officer can be an elector. (2) To make certain of such a man being elect- 
ed as would be worthy of the high position. 

8. Upon what principle of government does a State appropriate money 
for the support of schuols? Give at least two reasons. 

Ans. (1) For its safety the citizens of a State should be educated. (2) 
To enable all children to acquiie a common school education. 

9. Define (a) ex post facto law is a law which makes an act a crime 
which was not criminal when committed, or an act that increases the penal- 
ty, (b) Writ of habeas corpus commands a sherifi:" or proper officer to pro- 
duce a person detained in prison in court for examination. (c) Bill of 
attainder inflicts death penalty without trial, (d) Belligerents are nations 
that wage war. (e) Neutrals are nations on neither side of a controversy. 



90 

(f) Contraband of war is any merchandise which may be of use to the ene- 
my. 

10. (a) How many State Senatorial districts in Kentucky? (b) How 
many Representative districts'? (c) By what authority is the number de- 
termined? 

Ans. (a) Thirty eight. (b) One hundred, (c) The State Legislature 
determines the districts, but the Constitution provides for the number. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Why should civil government be taught in the public schools of Ken- 
tucky ? 

A. To train up a law-obeying and law-loving citizenship from the 
youth. 

2. Define (a) citizen, (b) passport, (c) copyright, (d) courtmartial, 
(e) impeachment. 

A. (a) A person born or naturalized in the U. S. (b) The right to enter 
or leave a port by a vessel. (c) The sole right for a limited time 'o pub- 
lish and sell a literary production. (d) A military or naval court for the 
trial of offences against martial law. (e) The arraignment of a public 
official for maladministration in office. 

3. (a) How is the President elected? (b) In case no person receives 
a majority of the votes, how is the matter settled? (c) If no person has 
been selected by the 4th of March following the day of election, what is 
the result? 

Ans. (a) The President is elected by the electors in the manner describ- 
ed in the 12th Amendment to the Constitution, (b) The election goes to 
the House of Representatives, (c) The person elected Vice -President be- 
comes President. 

4. Explain the uses of the "writ of habeas corpus". 

A. It is to prevent unjust imprisonment by securing a speedy trial. It 
may be suspended when the public safety may demand it. 

5. (a) What authority has the Governor of Kentucky over legislation? 
(b) What power has he to set aside the action of juries. 

A. (a) To convene the General Assembly in extraordinary session, to 
confirm it by appending his signature ur exercise his veto power, (b) The 
power vested in him by the Constitution to grant reprieves and pardons. 

6. What are the duties of (a) the Attorney General, (b) the Secretary 
of State, (c) the Auditor, (d) the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
(e) the Lieutenant Governor? 

A. (a) To a^.t as the State's lawyer; to advise all the State executive 
officers as to the law, etc. (b) to keep and affix the great seal of the 
State to all State papers, to commission all officers appointed by the Gov- 
ernor, and to keep the public recoi'ds. (c) To act as book-keeper for the 
State in financial matters. (d) To superintend and promote the public 
schools and general school interests of the State, (e) To act as president 
of the State Senate and to officiate as Governor in his magesty's absence. 



91 

7. (a) Who has the authority to settle contests in the election for Gov- 
ernor, (b) For U. S. Senators, (c) For U. S. Representatives 

A. (a) The General Assembly of Kentucky, (b) The U. S . Senate, (c) 
The U. S. House of Representatives. 

8. What provision is made in the U. S. Constitution for its adoption. 
How may it be amended. State two limitations upon the power of amend- 
ment. 

A. (a) The ratification of the conventions of nine shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying it. 
(b) It may be amended by Congress if desired, by two-thirds of both Houses 
or by a convention upon the call of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the 
several States, but in either case it must be ratified by the Legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, (c) No amendment could be made be- 
fore 1808 in any manner affecting Article I, Section IX, and Clause 1 and 4, 
or depriving any state without its consent of its equal suffrage in the Sen- 
ate. 

9. (a) In what cases has the U. S. Supreme Court original jurisdiction. 
(b) Apellate jurisdiction. 

A. (a) In aU cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, (b) In all other cases 
mentioned in Article III, Sec. 2, of the U. S. Constitution. 

10. What is a treaty. How are thay made? 

A treaty is an agreement, or contract between two distinct and separate 
nations. They are made upon our part by the President, by and with the 
advise and consent of the Senate, two-thirds of those present concurring. 
Commissioners are frequently appointed to negotiate the terms of the 
treaties. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. How many amendments to the Constitution. What is the purpose 
of the first ten amendments. The last three? 

A. Fifteen. To set forth a bill of rights. To secure political rights 
to the negro. 

2. (a) Can any persons other than citizens vote in the United States. 
(b) Have all citizens the right to vote? 

A. (a) No. (b) Only male citizens of the requisite age and mentality. 

3. Show how the objects of the government are both repressive and 
progressive. 

A. The government strives to prevent wrong doing, and to lead people 
to admire and emulate the right. 

4. Define (a) prov'incial, (b) proprietary, (c) and charter governments, 
and give examples of each from the thirteen colonies. 

Ans. (a) The rulers were appointed directly by the crown and amen- 
able to it. (b) Government ruled by proprietors, who held the same position 
in relation to the colonies as the king in the provincial, (c) Charter gov- 
ernment had a charter which set forth and limited rights. Rhode Island and 



92 

Connecticut were provincial. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, 
New Jersey, Virginia, Carolinas and Georgia were royal. Pennsylvania 
and Delaware were proprietary. 

5. Name five defects of the Articles of Confederation. 

A. (1) It had the requisite departments of government. (2) it could 
recommend, but could not enforce. (3) It could make treaties, but could 
not carry them out. (4) It gave neither consistency, stability, nor dignity 
to the union. (5) Congress might declare everything, but do nothing. 

6. Name ten powers delegated to Congress by the Constitution, and (b) 
five powers prohibited to it. 

A. (1) To borrow money on the credit of U. S. (2) To establish post offices 
and post roads. (3) To declare war, etc. (4) To provide and maintain a 
navy. (5) To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. (6'| To 
define and punish piracies, etc. (7) To coin money and regulate the value 
thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 
(8) To raise and support armies, etc. (9) To issue patents and grant copy- 
rights. (10) To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting. (b) (1) 
Passing a bill of attainder or ex post facto law. (2) Suspension of the 
writ of habeas co^-pus only on specified conditions. (3) Laying a tax 
or duty on articles exported from the States. (4) From granting titles of 
nobility. (5) From laying a tax not in proportion to the census. 

7. State the qualifications of: The President, Vice-President, U. S. 
Senator, Representative, Governor of Kentucky, the Lieutenant Governor? 
What is the term of office of each, and how is each elected. 

A. President, a natural-born citizen, fourteen years a resident, thirty- 
five years of age. Vice-President, same as President. U. S. Senator, 
thirty years of age, nine years a resident of U. S., and an inhabitant of 
the State. Representative, twenty-five years of age, seven years a resi- 
dent of U. S., and an inhabitant of State. Governor, thirty years of 

age, years a resident of the State. Lieutenant Governor, 

same as Governor. 

U. S. Senators serve six years. Representatives two years, and all others 

four years. 

President and Vice-President are elected by electors chosen by the quali- 
fied voters of the various States; U. S. Senators by the State Legislature, 
and others by the direct vote of the people. 

8. How many times and in what cases has the House of Representatives 
exercised the power of electing a President? What President was not elect- 
ed by the House, nor by the electoral college? How was he elected? 

A. Twice. In the selection of Jefferson first, and J. Q. Adams. R. B. 
Hayes, by a High Joint Commission composed of five U. S. Senators, five 
U. S. Representatives and five Judges of the Supreme Court. 

9. In what cases has the President the right, under the Consritution, 
to grant reprieves and pardons? In what cases is prohibited from doing so? 
Can the Prosident pardon a person convicted of a crime against the Com- 
monweath of Kentucl^y? If so, What crime? 



93 

A. In all cases except impeachment. He cannot. 

10. Describe the judicial system of Kentucky. How are the judges of 
the different courts selected and for what term ? 

A. It consists of the various county courts, circuit courts, appellate 
court, and court of claims. 

The judges of the various courts are elected by popular vote. Judges of 
appellate courts for eight years, circuit judges for six years, and others 
for four years. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. State accurately the qualifications for voting in Kentucky. 

Ans. Every male citizen of the U. S., 21 yeais old, who has resided in 
the State one year, in the county six months, and in the precinct where he 
offers to vote sixty days, next preceding the election, is a voter in that 
precinct, and not elsewhere. 

Disfranchised persons, convicts, idiots, and insane persons are not voters. 

2. Compare the General Assembly of Kentucky with the U. S. Congress 
as to: (a) Eligibility of membership, (b) Apportionment of members in 
each branch, (c) The power of impeachment, (d) Legislation prohibited. 

Ans. (a) Members of the House of Representatives in Kentucky must 
be twenty-four years old, have resided in the State two years, and in the 
district one year, next preceding the election. State Senators must be 
thirty years old, have resided in the State six years, and one year in the 
district next preceding election. Representatives, in Congress must be 
twenty-five years old, seven years a citizen of U. S., and at time of elec- 
tion inhabitant of State. U. S. Senator must be thirty years old, nine 
years a citizen of U. S., and at the election an inhabitant of the State. 

(b) In Kentucky there are 100 Representative Districts and 38 Senatorial 
Districts. The numbers are fixed, but the districts can be changed by 
the Legislature every ten years. In the House of Representatives in Con- 
gress there are 386 members. In the United States Senate 90 Senators (two 
for each State). This number is fixed by Congress after each census. 

(c) In both Kentucky and Congress, the House of Representatives has the 
sole power of impeachment. 

(d) Again the forbidden legislation is practically the same in both. The 
"writ of habeas corpus" shall not be suspended except in cases wherethe pub- 
lic safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. No title of nobility shall be granted. No State can make a 
treaty, alliance, coin money, nor, without consent of Congress, collect 
duties or lay any duty on tonnage. 

3. Compare the executive department of Kentucky with that of the 
United States. 

Ans. (a) The executive department of Kentucky is the Governor; 
of the United States it is the President, (b) It is the duty of each to see 
that the laws are executed. In the State the Governor is Commander-in- 
chief of the militia. In the United States the President is Commander- 



94 

in-chief of army and navy. Both Governor and President appoint several 
officers, to be confirmed by the Senate, or to be rejected by the same. 

4. Name some of the rights and duties of citizens which in your opinion 
may and should be taught to children. 

Ans. Children should be taught th^t people are entitled to personal, 
religious, and civil rights, bearing in mind that the rights of any one 
cease where the rights of some one else begin. The children should be 
taught to be lawabiding, and respect all lawful authority. 

5. Enumerate the provisions of the school law relating to teachers as 
to (a) age and qualifications, (b) certificates, (c) registers, (d) schedules, 
(e) responsibility for conduct of pupils in and out of school. 

Ans. (a) Teachers mast be eighteen years old or over, and have a cer- 
tificate, (b) Certificates are: 1st, State Diploma; 2d, State Certicate; 
3d, County Certificates. The latter are 3d class for cne year; 2d class for 
two years; 1st class for four years. 

(c) The registers are furnished by the State Superintendent, and teachers 
are compelled to use them in the way directed, or suffer the penalty for 
neglect. 

(d) I suppose by schedules are meant reports: Every teacher must, at 
stated times, i. e., monthly, make a report to the county Superintendent, 
and at the close of school, a report for the term. 

(e) There can he no question that teachers are responsible for the conduct 
of pupils in school. As to the responsibility of a teacher for the pupil's 
conduct out of school, the case is different. This should be limited to a 
certain distance from school. However, it would seem right that if any 
misconduct on the v/ay to and from school were reported, the teacher should 
have the right to punish the offender. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Are you in favor of dropping this branch from the common school 
course to make room for music and drawing' Give reasons. 

Ans. I am not in favor of it. A few persons may become good musi- 
cians and artists; all must become citizens. Hence a preparation for the 
latter is advisable and profitable. 

2. Why should a judge's term be lengthy' 
Ans. To place him beyond the reach of politics. 

3. What is a title of nobility? 

Ans. A title of nobility is a title acquired generally by birth; it may 
be acquired by some meritorious act. Dukes, marquisee, earl or count, 
viscount and baron are the titles of nobility. 

4. What is a capital crime V 

Ans. A capital crime is a crime punishable by death, or in some cases 
imprisonment for life. 

5. Why is the Constitution called the fundamental lav/? 

Ans. Because all laws must be in conformity with and cannot be con- 
trary to the Constitution. 



-95 

€. Who at present is Speaker of the National House of Representatives? 
Joseph Cannon is the present Speaker. He is a Representative of Illinois 

7. What are the qualifications for U. S. Fenator? 

Ans. A U. S. Senator must be thirty years old. nine years a citizen of 
the United States, and at the time of election be an inhabitant of the 
State for which he is chosen. 

8. Huw is the President elected? Explain fully. 

Ans. On Tuesday after the first Monday in November in Presidential 
years (every year divisible by 4), the people vote for electors. These elec- 
tors constitute the Electoral College. On the second Monday in January 
after their election, they meet at the State Capitals and vote by ballot 
for a President and a Vice President. Two sets of returns are sent to the 
President of the Senate: one by messenger, and one by mail. A third 
copy is deposited with the U. S. Judge of the District in which the capital 
is situated. On the second Wednesday in February the President of the U. 
S. Senate, in the presence of both Houses, opens the returns and declares 
the result. 

9. Name six of the most important committees of the House of Rep- 
resentatives. Who appoints them? 

Ans. (1) Committee on Elections, (2) on Ways and Means, (3) on Appro- 
priations, (4) on the Judiciary, (5) on Rivers and Harbors, (6) on Commerce. 
The Speaker appoints them. 

10. How many representatives in the General Assembly of Kentucky? 
How many Senators? 

Ans. There are one hundred Representatives, and there are thirty-eight 
Senators. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What are the channels of Communication between material objects 
and the mind of the child? Ans. The five senses. 

2. What is the difference between sensation and perception? 

Ans. The special function of the senses in Sensation; a responding to 
any external stimulus that affects nerve tissue. The corresponding function 
of mind in referring these sensations to their external causes is Perception. 

3. Define concepts, memory, imagination. 

Ans. (a) Concepts is the result of an act or acts of judgement in dis- 
cerning resemblances, and grouping like objects under a general idea, (b) 
Memory is the faculty of the mind to reproduce its former states. (c)Im. 
agination is the faculty of the mind that modifies, combines, creates. 

4. Why should a teacher study psychology. 

Ans. Because psychology sustains the same relation to the science of 
education that anatomy, pharmacy, etc., sustain to practice of medicine. 

5. What is the effect of long-continued brain activity State two ways 
in which the brain is recuperated. 

Ans. Just as the muscles become wearied by too-long continued use, 
so the brain becomes wearied by too long continued activity. Sleep and a 
change of occupation will give relief. 



96 

6. Explain (a) inductive reasoning, (b) deductive reasoning. 

Ans. Induction means "drawling in" a conclusion into a number of re- 
lated facts, and bringing them into or under a general law. Deduction is 
making a special application of some general principle or fact. 

7. What mental powders are especially called into exercise by (a) arith- 
metic, (b) grammar, (c) geography. 

Ans. (a) Judgement, (b) judgement and memory, (c) imagination. 

8. What are the divisions of the intellect. Define each. 

Ans. (a) The presentative of faculties by which we gain percepts, (b) 
The representative faculty by which the mind can reproduce former states, 
(c) Judgement by which relations are perceived and formulated, (d) Im- 
agination or the faculty of the mind that modifies, combines, creates. 

9. Mention the faults or mistakes to be guarded against in teaching. 
Ans. (1) Use wrong incentives, (2) ask leading questions, (3^ using 

ridicule, (4) persistent scolding, (*5) too much talking, (6) assign too long 
lessons, il) not give sufficient explanations, (8) continue while pupils are 
inattentive, (9) use favoritism, (10) improper punishment. 

10 Write an essay on "The Requisites of a Good Teacher". 

Ans. A good teacher should possess knowledge, skill, heart, power, will 
power, good eyes and ears, -'.om"^"'- sense, and moral character. In addition 
it is necessary that the teacher have the co-operation of school officers and 
patrons, and that the school house and surroundings be conducive tov^ard 
good success. Of all the elements, seven in number, enumerated above, per- 
haps none is more generally misunderstood than common sense. Dr. White 
says it is not a sense common to all people, but sense in common things. It 
is one of the most uncommon things in the world. Again, while knowledge 
is, without doubt, the most essential requisite of the teacher, skill is just 
as necessary, as since without skill, knowledge cannot be practically ap- 
plied. To recapitulate, teachers should have profound scholarship, they 
should be in sympathy with their work, and be skilful in imparting their 
knowledge to the minds of children. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Mention at least four proper incentives to study. Mention four 
improper incentives. 

A. Proper: (1) A desire for knowledge, (2) a desire for approbation, 
(3) the hope of the future good, (4) a sense of duty and honor. Improper: 
(1) prizes, (2) privileges, (3) immunities, (4) fear of 'punishment. 

2. Deductive teaching is sometimes designated as analytic. On what 
grounds V 

A. On the grounds that we pass from the general to the particular feat- 
ure of the subject in deductive teaching, i. e., we dissect, which is ana- 
lytic. 

3. Mention threa results to be obtained by reviews, and state how often 
they should be held to secure such results. 

A. (1) Mastery of the subjects. (2) Permanency of knowledge. (3) 



97 

Correction of special misconceptions. They should be held as often as 
practicable; once per week, and every day, more or less. 

4. (a) What are the advantages of oral lessons in language work, (b) 
What are the objections to lessons in false syntax. 

A. (a) (1) The cultivation of conversational powers and (2) economy of 
time, (3) the correction of special defects, (b) Pupils will use only what 
they hear, and should, so far as possible, have only correct expressions used 
in their presence. Their attention should not be directed to the wrong, but 
habitually led to the right. 

5. Mention two subjects of common school study which are important 
in cultivating (a) the perceptive faculties, (b) the reason. Why. 

A. (a) Nature studying and reading, (b) Arithmetic and grammar, 
(a) Nature study leads to critical observation, from which the child natur- 
ally perceives. Reading also leads the mind into the great field of explora- 
tion and investigation, (b) Because we must decide the matter in either 
branch of study and the reasoning faculties must be exercised to do that, 
and hence is cultivated. 

6. What three conditions should determine the length of time for the 
recitation of a class? 

A. (1) The age of the pupils. (2) Their advancement and natural 
ability. [3) Attention and interest. 

7. What mental faculties are chiefly used in the acquisition of knowl- 
edge ? 

A. Perception, judgement and memory. 

8. What are the purpose?, of school governments Mention five good 
rules for securing good government. 

A. (a) To train pupils so as to prepare them to be self-governing men 
and women in life, (b) (1) Have the elements of governing power in you 
or cultivate them. (2) Be firm. (3) Be just. (4) Be kind. (5) Be posi- 
tive. 

9. Name the advantages and disadvantages uf (a) concert reading, (b) 
the individual method. 

A. (a) It saves time, but it destroys the individuality of the pupil. 
It is all right for the good reader, but bad indeed for the poor reader. It 
cultivates sameness of tone to the neglect of natural expression. (b) 
It is helpful to the pupil in that he has personal instruction. It individ- 
ualizes knowledge and cultivates good expression, but it takes more time. 
It places the good and bad reader in striking contrast, to the discourage- 
ment of the bad reader, who so much needs encouragement. 

10. What are the purposes of (a) the recitation, (b) examination? 

A. (a) (1) To test the pupil's knowledge. (2) To test the pupil's ac- 
quired mental power. (3) To test the pupil's skill in school arts, (b) (1) 
to secure good recitations. (2) To reveal defects in knowledge and teaching. 
(3) To disclose the comparative progress of different pupils. (4) To secure 
accuracy and fullness in the expression of knowledge. 



98 
THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What are the advantages of requiring pupils to memorize exactly 
classic expressions of master thinkers? 

A. (1) It cultivates memory. (2) It elevates the morals. (3) It in- 
culcates a love of good literature. 

2. Show how the study of American history promotes true patriotism. 
A, Our hearts swell with pride at the successes of our forefathers, and 

by learning of their achievements we resolve to emulate them, and thus be- 
come truly patriotic. 

3. State the two m.ost important objects to be kept in view in teaching 
grammar. 

A. (1) The cultivation of the mind. (2) The mastery of the sentence. 

4. Distinguish between school economy, school government, and school 
discipline. 

A. School economy is the orderly arrangement and management of the 
affairs of the school to the very best advantage. School government is the 
authority by which school economy is effected. School discipline is the 
treatment of the individual pupils best suited to secure economy and gov- 
ernment. 

5. Define percept, concept. 

A. A specific idea obtained through the senses is a percept, A con- 
cept is an abstract general idea which can not be represented in the imag- 
ination. 

6. Why should primary work be principally objective? 

A. Because at that stage of developement the child learns and developes 
largely by observation. 

7. What powers of the mind are most active in childhood? What in lat- 
ter years of school life? 

A. The perceptive and presentative powers are most active in child- 
hood, while reason predominates in the later school life, in conjunction 
with its related faculties. 

8. How would you secure prompt attendance? What do you consider 
a proper punishment for tardiness? 

A. I would make the school and its work interesting and attractive. I 
would labor to so secure the respect of my patrons and pupils as that they 
would cooperate with me. The most effectual punishment for tardiness is 
the making up of the time after school hours. It is natural and just. 

9. Write a short essay on "School Punishments, " discussing the ob- 
jects of punishments, the principles regulating it, and proper and improp- 
er punishments. 

A. School punishments are the penalties inflicted by the teacher upon 
the pupils for a violation of the principles of right conduct. Its objects are 
to reform the wrong-doer and to deter others from a like disobedience. The 
principles regulating it are the principles of right and justice that the 
punishment may be commensurate with the offense. The subject must be 



99 

brought to see that it is just and necessary and for the best if it does him 
the greatest good. It must also be administered in the proper spirit. I 
would regard any punishment proper which bore a natural relation to the 
offense. I would consider any punishment improper which was humiliating 
to the pupil, or was the outgrowth of dislike and spite on the part of the 
teacher toward the pupil. 

10. What are the conditions of successful teaching as regards the teach- 
er. 

A. Knowledge, tact, skill, heart power, will power, love for the work, 
and good eyes and ears. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Given a school in an unventilated, poorly furnished and shabby room, 
without a library and other necessary apparatus, with neglected grounds, 
and a bad water supply, how may the teacher manage to secure some of 
the needed improvements"? 

Ans. From the question it would appear that the neighborhood is not 
interested. Missionary work will do much. If the teacher can get the pa- 
trons interested, much may be accomplished, and by showing himself to be 
interested, the teacher sets a good example which will meet with at least 
some success. Later, by entertainments, etc., some more may be accom- 
plished. 

2. Distinguish between "drills", "reviews", and "examinations". 
Discuss each as to the leading purpose and some of the best methods. 

Ans. (a) Drills are for the purpose of applying attained knowledge. 
They are primarily intended for the daily recitation, in connection with the 
lesson from the textbook. Sometimes the teacher should have "class 
drills", other times "individual drills". A "review" is nece.-^sarily on 
passed lessons, a "drill" may be on new matter. Reviews should be fre- 
quent, should not be "set", and must be varied to keep up interest. If 
"drills" and "reviews" are kept up properly, there is little left for 
"examination". Many questions are not necessary for the latter, and 
above all, the class work of the pupil should count for more than the sim- 
ple skill to answer questions. 

4. State the principles relating to school discipline. 

An?. To train pupils in habits of self-control and. self-direction, so as 
to make them self-governing men and women in life. 

5. In assigning a lesson in any subject what factors should be taken in- 
to consideration? Give examples. 

Ans. In the first place, the teacher should know the subject, and not 
simply what the text book says about it. Next, qiality of work is more 
important than quantity. Short lessons well mastered will carry pupils 
farther in the same line than long but poorly prepared lessons. The teacher 
should show the pupil how to study and stimulate him to do so. Prelimi- 
nary drills are nearly always necessary. It is, perhaps, best to assign les- 
sons by topics and lead pupils to consult other books. In this way he will 

LOFC. 



100 

learn the value of "reference" books. In conclusion, in using the topical 
method, it is necessary to guard against superficial work, into which it may 
rapidly degenerate. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Define: Natural incentives, artificial incentives. Should artificial 
incentives ever be used;" 

Ans. When the desired object is the immediate result or consequence of 
the effort, the incentive is said to be natural. If the desired object 
has no such relation, the incentive is artificial. While artificial in- 
centives may be used occasionally, they should not be used permanently. It 
is better not to use them at all. 

2. Has a teacher the right to keep pupils after school hours? 

Ans. This question has been largely taken out of the teachers' hands, 
and is regulated by superintendents and school boards. I believe that for 
the purpose, of giving information, a pupil may be detained; I do not favor 
it as a punishment. 

3. Suggest ways by which a school may have a library. 
Ans. By voluntary contributions, entertainments, etc. 

4. Discuss the value of fairy tales for children. 

Ans. The proper kind of fairy tales cultivates the imaginative powers 
of the pupils, and eventually leads to creating a taste for good literature, 

5. Suggest ways for interesting patrons in the work of the school. 
Ans. By having certain days known as Mothers' Days, Fathers' Days, 

and having at stated times literary exercises, to which parents should be 
invited. 

6. Give a list of the first ten words you would teach a child. 
Ans. Cat, hat, rat, ran, can, man, etc. Boy, Roy, girl, John, etc. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Show how perception depends on attention. 

Ans. Attention, particularly voluntary attention, is controlled by in- 
terest. Therefore being interested, more vivid and more correct percep- 
tions will be obtained. 

2. What is the value of instruction in drawing with reference to (a) 
utility, (b) to mental discipline. 

Ans. (a) Drawing is very useful in several of the trades and professions, 
and (b) it gives pupils perfect control of the muscles. 

3. Inductive teaching is sometimes designated as synthetic. Upon 
what grounds.- 

Ans. Inductive teaching closely resembles the synthetic method, in that 
it proceeds from the particular to the general. It has, however, some 
points of difference. 

4. Define imagination. What study is most valuable in developing it. 
Ans. Imagination is a faculty of the mind by which we modify, com- 
bine and create. Geography and literature tend to develop imagination. 

5. (a) What is the value of attention. (b) Give two methods of gain- 



101 

ing and holding the attention during the recitation. 

Ans. (a) Upon our ability to gain and retain attention depends our 
success as teachers, at least, to a great extent. Without attention our 
work is worthless. Interest lies at the bottom of attention, and interest is 
the basis of success, (b) Ask questions promptly and require prompt an- 
swers. Speak in a low tone, clearly and distinctly, rarely repeat statements. 

6. Give five reasons why a knowledge of mental philosophy is essential 
to intellectual teaching. 

Ans. 1. Psychology holds the relation to education that anatomy holds 
to the system of medicine. 

2. We should know mind before we can develop it. 

3. It teaches us to proceed intelligently. 

4. It will shield us against educational errors. 

5. Because no teaching can be successfully done without it. 

7. State the advantages and di-sadvantages of the self-reporting system. 
Ans. It will make truthfulness a high source of honor to the pupil, 

but it can only in exceptional cases be used. The temptation to tell false- 
hoods is too great for the pupil. 

8. What effort upon the part of the teacher is necessary in order to in- 
terest pupils? 

Ans. A teacher must be interested himself before he can expect to in- 
terest others, especially children. 

9. What moral training should the teacher give? 

Ans. The teacher should try to: (1) awaken right feelings, (2) to 
quicken the conscience, (3) to develop clear, moral ideas. 

10. What are the effects of the teacher's habits upon the school? 

Ans. As is the teacher, so will be the school. Pupils copy from their 
teacher, hence if a teacher has correct habits, it is more than likely that 
the pupils also will have correct habits. The opposite of this is true also. 

PEDAGOGY. 

1. Compare the aims of Spartan education with the aims of America 
to-day. 

Ans. The aims of Spartan education were to make soldiers. In America 
we strive to educate mind and body. 

2. Discuss the contributions of Commenius or Pestalozzi to present edu- 
cational methods. 

Ans. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) was a Swiss philanthro- 
pist. He first studied theology, then law. Later on he devoted his entire 
time to training children in his own house. This he continued for twenty 
years. In the course of time he established a school at Yverdun, which 
the government had placed at his disposal. His works on education have 
laid the foundation for the more rational system of elementary instruction 
which now prevails in America and in Europe. 

3. State and discuss three important suggestions made by the "Com- 
mittee of Ten". 

Ans. The Committee of Ten recommended very strongly (l) the correla- 



102 

tion of school studies, (2) drill in composition writing, and (3) shorten- 
ing the course in arithmetic by omitting unimportant but difficult matter. 

4. What allowances should be made for the school work of children in 
the adolescent periods, with reasons? 

Ans. Some work should be elective in order to enable pupils to culti- 
vate that for which they may have special talent, and allowing them to 
omit work not congenial to them. 

5. Discuss factors to be considered in securing and holding the attention 
of your pupils. 

Ans. All attention is due to interest. First of all, the teacher must 
be interested. He should endeavor to rouse the curiosity of his pupils. 
This may be done by object lessons. Exercises should be brief. Methods 
of conducting a recitation should be varied. Do not try to do too much in 
one exercise. 

6. In assigning a lesson in any subject, what factors should be take.i 
into consideration? Give examples. 

Ans. 1. Quality is more important than quantity. 

2. The teacher should show the pupil how to study effectively and 
stimulate him to do so. 

3. A"preview" or preliminary drill should precede the assign- 
ing of new work. 

4. The connection between the new lesson and the last lesson mu 
be kept in view. 

7. Discuss the question of "natural" and "retributive" punishment. 
Ans. In every case, as far as possible, punishment of the child should 

be made to appear to the child as the natural and logical consequence of 
his wrong doing. Punishment that seems merely arbitrary to the child, 
for which he cannot see are sufficient reason, has an effect upon character 
directly contrary to what is desired. 

8. Discuss the subject of manual training in the public schools. 

Ans. At first muscle and mind work very much in the large. The 
object of manual training is for the muscles to obey the mind, and by 
it the relation of physical and mental powers is made most intimate. 

9. What do you understand by "Herbartianism" in education? 

Ans. By Herbartianism we^understand the harmonious and systematic 
development, of all a person's faculties. Great stress is laid upon training 
of the will. 

10. The democratic system of education gives every man the freest oppor- 
tunity to become in the fullest measure all for which nature has fitted him. 

Ans. Under a democratic system of education there is no rank as deter- 
mined by birth, but merit is the onlj' factor that counts. Every man, 
therefore, has equal opportunity, and be he rich or poor, he can develop 
the talents given him by the Creator and be assured that he will receive 
the just reward for his labor. History of America proves that a majority 
of the men that became renowned were poor, and achieved success simply 
because they deserved to succeed. 



103 

ALGEBRA. 
Take any two of 1, 2 and 3. 

1. (a) Factor: 
ci"+15c">— 100=(c"+20) (c--— 5) 

8a3— (a— b)3= j 2a— (a— b) j- | 4a2+2a(a— b)+(a— b)2 | =(a+b) (Ta^^ 

4ab+b2) 

^a— b)2— c2=(a— b+c) (a— b— c) 

abcy— b^dy— acdx+bd2x=by (ac— bd)— dx (ac— bd) = (by— dx) (ac— bd) 

4x *y2— 20x3y3z+25x^z2=(2x2y— 5x-'z) (2x2y— 5x-z) 

(b) State how you factored one of the examples and derive the formula 
used in the solution. 

The first is a quadratic trinomial. 

The second is the difference between two cubes. 

The third is the difference between two squares. 

The fourth is factored by combining first two quantities and also the last 
two. 

'J he fifth is the square of the difference of two quantities. 

2. Simphfy: 

3+2x 2— 3x 16x— x2 



2— X 2+x x2— 4 
(a) 3+2x 2— 3x 16x— x2 

2— X 2-Lx 4—x- 

6+7x+2x-'— 4+8x-3x2— 16x+x2 2— x 1 



4— x2 4 — x2 2+x 

(b) Simplify: 

(x2-y2)(2x2-2xy) 

x+y 

4 (x-y)2 (x2_y2)(x_y)X2x X+y (x+y)2 



xy 2 4(x— y)2 xy y 
(x-y) 



(c) Why do you invert the divisor in the division of fractions? 
For convenience: It is equivalent to dividing the numerators for a new 
numerator and the denominators for a new denominator. 



3. (a) Find the square root of: 



V 



X*— 2x"V+3x2y2— 2xy=^+y+=x2— xy+y2 
x^ 



— 2x"y+3x2y- 
(2x2— xy) X— xy=— 2x=^y+ x2y2 



2x2y2— 2xy3+y-« 
y2 (2x2— 2xy+y2)= 2x2y-— 2xy=^— y' 



104 



(b) Explain your process of extracting square root. 
I extract the square root by the binomial theorem. 
4. (a) Solve: ax=by4- a-'+b- (1) 

2 
(a-b)x=(a+b)y(2) 
by a-— b- (a+b)y 

In (l)x= ! ; In (2)x= 

a 2 a a— b 

Therefore 2by+a-— b-' (a+b) y 



2a a — b 

2 aby+a=^— ab^— 2b-y — a2b+b'5=2a2y+2 aby 
a«— a^b— ab2+b3^2y (a-'— b-') 
a- (a— b)— b-' (a— b)=2y (a— b) (+b) 
a-— b- =2y (a+b) 

a— b 

2 

(b) A fraction which is equal to 73 is increased to ^/n, when a certain 
number if added to both terms of the fz'action, and is diminished to "■n when 
one more than the same number is subtracted from both terms. Determine 
the fraction. 

2x 
Solution: Let — be the fraction and "y" be the number 
3x 
2x4 y 8 

thus =^ — or 22x+lly=24x+8y or 3y=2x (1) 

3x+y 11 
2x— y— 1 5 

= — or 18x— 9y— 9^ lox— 5y— oor 3x— 4y=4 (2) 

3x— y— 1 9 
(2) x2=(3) 6x— 8y=8 
<1) x3=(4) 6x— 9y=0 

y 8 2x 24 

Therefore — — — =^ Ans. 
x:^12 3x 36 

ALGEBRA. 

1. (a) Factor: 25 fx+y)2-50 (x+y) (y-z)+25 (y-z)-= 

Ans. -J5(x4-y)— 5(y— z) j 2=(5x+5y— 5y+5z)2^(5x+5z)(5x+5z) 

(b) 4a2-! 9b2— 16c2-12ab=(4a2-12ab4-9b2)— 16c2=(2a— 3b)2— (4c)2= (2a 
— 3b4-4c) (2a— 3b— 4c) 

(c) d2— a- r4ax— 4cd+4c2— 4x2 _ (4c-'— 4cd-i -d-*) — (4x2— 4ax-Ua2) _ (2c— d) 2 
— (2x— a)2=(2c-d+2x— a) (2x-d— 2x+a) 

(d) abxy-4b2y2-i-acx— c2=ax(by+c) + (by+c) (by— c) = (ax-^by— c)(by+c) 

2. Find the G. C. D. of: 21x'^4x«-15x2-2x and 21x=5-32x2-54x-7 



105 



Ans 
21x3— 32x--54x-7 
21x=^— 4x-'-15x— 2 


31xt-4x-''-lox-— 2x 


21x«— 4x--15x— 2 


— 28x--39x-5 


1 


— 3x • 


21x-'-4x-'-15x— 2 
84x-^-16x"--60x— 8 
8lx«-117x2+15x 



Multiply by 4 



-133x-'-75x-8 No. G. C. D. 



Or 



21x=^-4x-'-15x-2=21x3-21x-'+17x^— 17x+2x-2= 
21x2(x— l)+17x(x-l)+3(x-l)=(21x2-fl7x+2)(x— 1) 

Neither of these factors is a factor of 2lx-^ — 32x-— 54x— 7 therefore the 
two quantities have no G. C. D. 

3. Find the Least Common Multiple of x^— 6x-+llx - 6, x-— 9x-+26x— 
24, and x^— 8x2+19x-12 

Ans. X- -6x-+llx-6^x''— 3x-'-3x-+9x+2x— 6==:x-(x— 3)— 3x(x -3) 
-f2(x— 3)=(x-'— 3x+2) (x-3) = (x-l) (x— 2)(x— 3) 

x-^— 9x-'+26x— 24=x-5-3x--6x-+18x+8x-24=x2 (x— 3)— 6x(x-3)^-8(x— 
3)=-(x2— 6x+8)(x-3)=(x— 3)(x— 2)(x— 4) 

X-— 8x-'+19x— 12=x='— 4x2— 4x2+16x+3x-12=x-(x-4)-4x(x-4)+3(x— 
4) = (x2_4x+3) (x-4) = (x-l) (x-8) (x-4) 
L. C. M. = (x— l)(x-2)(x— 3)(x-4) 

a — X a- — x^ 

1+ 1+ 

a+x a^ -fx^ 2a 2x- x 

4. Simplify: : =— X — =— 

a — X afi — x^ 2x 2a- a 
1 1 

a — X a-+x- 

5. A and B together earn $40 in 6 days; A and C together earn $54 in 9 
days ; B and C together earn $80 in 15 days . What does each earn in a day ? 

A. Let X, y, z represent what A, B and C, respectively, earn in one day. 
x-fy=$6i in 1 day ( 1 ) 
x+z=$6 in 1 day (2) 
y+z=$5i in 1 day (3) 
By adding (1), (2) and (3) 2x+2y+2z=18 

x + y + z= 9 (4) 
Subtraet(l), (2), (3) successively from (4) and C=|2^ 

B=$3 
A=$3? 



Ans. 
Ans. 
Ans. 



6. Solve V — v ^ "^"V 1+x; Square both sides of the equation 



1 1 

2+x=l-f X or — =3 and x=i 

X X 



106 



7. Extract r x-ji— 6x.^ 1 5x ' .i— 2lix^%+ 15x^5— 6xi/f.+l 



Let x%-=y theni y"— 6y-i 15y'— 2Uy-' f loy-'— 6y4-l = 



2y+i 



Sxy^x— 2y^ 
3y--4y- 

(-2y)-'' 



-6y- 



-6y-'-t-loy'-20y^ 



+13y- 



-8y« 



3(y*-4y^*+4y2)=3y^-12y-»+12y^' 
3 (y--2y) X] = 3y^'-6y 

, -n= +1 



6y-' + 12y'— 8y^' 

3y'-12y'tl5y-'-6y-H 



3y.l_12y3+l5y2_6y + l 



Substituting gives Answer=x-.-, — 2xir,+l. 
8. Let x~ price of 1 dozen eggs 



Then 
12 


12 


price of one 
12 

— o 


x 




x+1 


12 




12 


144 




144 

o 


x 
144X+144- 


x+1 
-144x=2x-'-f 2x 


X- + X 


=72 




x=— 


1=1/ 


Mn-~^% or x~- 


3 




t 12 1 



-J+ivL> or 8 cents. Ans. 



9. i/4z--;/2z=i/256z^^i/8z-^=t/32z 

10. A picture which is 18 inches by 12, is to be surrounded by a frame of 
uniform width, whose area is equal to that of the glass. What is the width 
of the frame? 

Ans. 



Let x=width of the frame 
24x-r36x+4x---^216 
x-'+15x 54 



1 




12 
IS 









X=l%±-i/225/^-f21% 

x= — ''%zh-li.' or 3 inches 



107 

LITERATURE. 

1. Give a short sketch of the lite of Chaucer. Name his greatest work, 
and sketch briefly its plan. 

Ans. Chaucer (1340-1400) was the son of a London merchant. In 1359, 
accompanying the army to France, he was taken prisoner. King Edward 
III ransomed him, and made him valet of the King's chamber. For about 
ten years he was abroad, visiting Italy twice. For upwards of twelve 
years he was controller of customs for London. He was pensioned by three 
kings, Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. He died in 1400. His princi- 
pal work is the "Canterbury Tales". Its plan is: At the Tabard Inn, in 
Southwork, on a certain April day, a number of pilgrims met on their 
road to the tomb of Thomas a Becket. The host, Harry Baily, accompanies 
them and proposes that each should tell two tales going, and two coming. 
He who told the best should have a free supper at the expense of the others. 
This, however, was not fully carried out. 

2. State the chief facts in Shakespeare's life and name ten of his 
dramas. 

Ans. Shakespeare was born at Stratford in 1564. He attended the 
grammar school in his native town. He was a profound student of human 
nature. In 1582 he married Ann Hathaway. Subsequently he went to 
London and became attached to the theater. In 1613 he returned to Strat- 
ford, where he died in 1616. Ten of his dramas are: The Merchant of Ven- 
ice, Othello, Hamlet, As You Like It, Macbeth, King Lear, The Tempest, 
Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Richard III. 

3. When was the "Golden Age" of Literature? The "Augustan Age"? 
Ans. The age of Elizabeth is called the "Golden Age" of Literature. 

The "Augustan Age" is properly the age of the Roman Emperor Agustus, 
but I believe that the age of Johnson in English Literature bears the same 
name. 

4. Name the author of the following: 

(a) Table for Critics— James Russell Lowell. 

(b) Essays of Elia — Charles Lamb. 

(c) Aurora Leigh— Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 

(d) Thanatopsis— William Cullen Bryant. 

(e) Home, Sweet Home— John Howard Payne. 

(f) Vision of Sir Launfal— James Russell Lowell. 

(g) To Have and to Hold— Mary Johnson. 

(h) The Star Spangled Banner— Frances S. Key. 
(i) The Ring and the Book— Robert Browning, 
(j) David Harum— W. H. Wescott. 

5. Who was the greatest American novelist? The greatest American 
lexicographer? The greatest English novelist? Name a work by each. 

Ans. Nathaniel Hawthorne is usually considered the greatest American 
novelist. The "Scailet Letter" is one of his works. 

Noah Webster is the greatest American lexicographer. 'He wrote a Dic- 
tionary of the English Language. 



108 

Sir Walter Scott is the greatest English novelist. "Ivanhoe" is one of 
his works. 

6. Name the best known American humorist, and give a representative 
work by each. 

Ans. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) and Bret Harte are the best 
known American homorists. The former wrote "Tom Sawyer", and the 
latter, "The Luck of the Roaring Camp". 

7. Name the three leading English historians and two American histo- 
rians of the Nineteenth century, and a leading work of each. 

Ans. English historians: Macauley, Froude, Green. Each one wrute 
a history of England. 

Bancroft wrote a history of the United States; Motley wrote "The Rise 
and Fall of the Dutch Republic". 

*■ 8. Name the principal contemporaries of William Cullen Bryant, and a 
leading work by each. 

Ans. Jas. F. Cooper, author of "The Last of the Mohicans". 
Ralph W. Emerson, author of "English Traits". 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of "The Marble Fawn". 
Henry W Longfellow, author of "Hiawatha". 
John G. Whittier, author of "Snow Bound". 
James R. Lowell, author of "Biglow Papers". 

9. Who were the so-called Lake School Poets V Why so called? 

Ans. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey. They were so called because 
they resided in the Lake region. 

10. Who were associated with Emerson in the "Transcendental 
School"? Name a representative work of each. 

Ans. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of "Twice Told Tales", and George 
William Curtis, author of "The Potiphar Papers". 

LITERATURE. 

1. Write a brief criticism of Longfellow's poetry, pointing out especi- 
ally the traits that have made him so general a favorite at home and 
abroad. Justify your opinions by citations of specific poems or passages. 

Ans. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a popular poet because a great 
number of his poems touched sympathetic chords in the human heart. "The 
Village Blacksmith", "The Psalm of Life", were universal favorites. 
Likewise "Evangeline", The Courtship of Miles Standish", "The Ride of 
Paul Revere", "The Building of the Ship", and others, too numerous to 
mention, are even until the present day unsurpassed. Longfellow was 
artistic. Witness the following from Evangeline: 

"Then from a neighboring thicket the mocking bird, wildest of singers, 
Swinging aloft on a willow spray that hung o'er the water, 
Shook from his little throat such floods of delirious music, 
That the whole air and the woods and the waves seemed silent to listen." 
etc. 

Longfellow was a great children's friend, and he was their friend because 



109 

he understood them. 

2. What can a teacher bring from the reading of (a) Thoreau, (b) Bur- 
roughs, (c) John Muir, (d> Bradford Torrey, and (e) Mrs. Olive Thorne Mil- 
ler to help him in his school-room? 

Ans. (a) Thoreau had a style which showed perfect command of English 
and he had an extensive vocabulary; (b) Burroughs, like Thoreau, has great 
power of description; (c) John Muir wrote a number of articles on the 
Pacific Coast, Alaska, etc. He was a scientist of Scotch descent; (d) 
Bradford Torrey as assistant editor of the "Youth's Companion", being 
a close student of birds, wrote largely on ornithology ; (e) Mrs. Olive Thorne 
Miller, pseudonym for Harriett Miller (Mann), wrote many stories for 
children. 

3. Answer (a) or (b) : 

(a) What poets, American and English, form a group kindred to these 
prose writers in spirit, interests and helpfulness? Give reasons for your 
opinion. 

(b) To get a familiar acquaintance with the age of Queen Anne, what 
books of that age would you read, and what books written in the Nine- 
teenth century ? 

Ans. (b) Swift, Addison, Steele, Pope; of the books written in the 
Nineteenth century, I would read some of the works of Walter Scott and 
Macauley. 

4. What was the geographical center of American Literature before the 
Civil War? What influences and what persons made it so? 

Ans. The New England States, especially the vicinity of Boston was 
the literary center 'uefore the Civil War. Harvard College, Yale College, 
and several other institutions of learning, together with such men as Long- 
fellow, Bryant, Holmes, Lowell, Bancroft, Emerson, etc. were the prevail- 
ing influence. 

5 Answer (a), (b), or (c) : 

(a) Name the authors of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and "Ramona". Show 
that these books are kindred in purpose. 

(b) Name a book by Ruskin that you could use profitably in high school 
classes, and one by him that you could use in grammar school. Give reasons 
for your choice. 

(c) Name poems by Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, P. Buchanan Read, 
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Emerson and Holmes, that may be used to give 
vivid reality to events and periods of American History. 

Ans. (aj Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin", Mrs. 
Jackson'wrote "Ramona". The former book was an appeal for the colored 
slave, the latter was an appeal for the Indian. 

6. Discuss the importance of knowledge of the Bible to authors and to 
readers of English literature. 

Ans. Authors have written some of their sublimest productions on 
topics taken from the Bible, e. g., Milton in his "Paradise Lost", "Para- 
dise Regained", "Samson Agonistes". It is necessary for readers to have 



110 

a knowledge of the Bible in order to be able to appreciate beauties that 
would otherwise be lost. 

7. By what translations may one who knows only the English language 
become acquainted with the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Divine Comedy and 
Faust ? 

Ans. Pope and Bryant translated the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer; 
Longfellow translated the Divine Comedy of Dante; and Bayard Taylor 
translated Goethe's Faust 

8. Describe the leading character in some one of Shakespeare's plays 
and give the data on which you base your statements. 

Ans. I shall take Shylock in the '•Merchant of Venice." His intellect: 
(1) Philosophical (Act III, Scene I, 43-59- Act IV, Scene I, 89-101), (2) 
Logical (Act IV, Scene I, 89-101). (3) Cool headed(Act IV, Scene I, 138-141.) 
(4) Sharp in business (Act I, Scene III, 14-25). (5) Quick at repartee 
(Act II, Scene V, 21; Act IV, Scene I, 66, 68). His moral nature: (1) True 
to his religion (Act I, Scene III, 30-35). (2; Patient under persecution 
(Act I, Scene III, 94-98). (3) Superstitious (Act II, Scene V, 16- 18). (4) 
Untruthful (Act I, Scene III, 63). (5) Ironical (Act I, Scene III, 108-117). 
(6) Avarfc'.ous (Act III Scene I, 73-75; 92-94; 107-109). (7) Malicious (Act 
IV, Scene I, 17-19). 

9. Classify one of your favorite poems and describe its artistic struc- 
ture, including rhythm, meter, stanza, rhyme, diction, use of images and 
tone effects. 

Ans. Bryant's "Thanatopsis" is a poem that seems more beautiful to 
me every time I read it. It is written in blank verse, the lines are iambic 
pentameters, and full of imagery. Bryant shows himself to be a close 
student of nature and a word painter that has to my mind few equals and 
no superiors in English. 

10. Give approximate dates of the active periods in the lives of the fol- 
lowing authors, and state the general nature of their work: Chaucer, the 
father of English poetry, li\ed from about 1340-1400; Addison (1672-1719), 
wrote for the Tatler and Spectator, also some poetry. Spencer (1552-1599), 
was a poet; Gray (1716-1771), author of the Elegy in a Country Churchyard; 
Shakespeare (1564-1616), dramatist; Lamb (1775-1834), wrote Essays of 

Elia; George Eliot (1819-1880), novelist; George Meredith (1828 ), 

novelist; Milton (1608-1674), Jane Austen (1775-1817), novelist. 



Ill 



TEACHERS' EXAMINATIONS. 



There are three grades of teachers' certificates under the present law: 
State diploma, State certificate and County certificate. 

A State diploma is a life license to teach in any of the public schools of 
the State, provided the holder does not fail fur two successive years to be en- 
gaged in active school work, or that it is not revoked by the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

In order to be eligible to hold a State diploma, the applicant must be 24 
years of age, must have had two years' experience in teaching in Kentucky. 
The examination includes, in addition to common school branches, the science 
and art of teaching, psychology, English literature, algebra, higher arithmetic, 
geometry, physics and elementary Latin. The average required is 90 per 
cent., the lowest grade on any subject being not less than 70 per cent. The 
examinations are held at ihe State Capitol on the last Wednesday of June and 
August each year, and continuing on following day;^. 

FOR STATE CERTIFICATE. 

Examinations for this certificate are held by the various county boards of 
examiners on the third Friday and Saturday of June and August each year, on 
questions prepared by the State Board of Examiners. The manuscripts are 
forwarded to the State Board for grading. An examination is also held by 
the State Board of Examiners at the State Capitol on the dates above men- 
tioned, and on the same questions used in the counties. 

The average required is 90 per cent., with the grade on no branch below 
70. The applicant must be twenty-one years of age, and must have had two 
years' experience in teaching. The examination includes, in addition to the 
common school branches, English literature, elementary algebra, higher arith- 
metic and the science and art of teaching, including the elements of psycholo- 
gy. The certificate is valid for eight years, unless revoked, or unless the 
holder fails for two successive years to be engaged in active school work, and 
it may be renewed at its expiration, for another period of eight years by the 
State Board of Examiners upon the recommendation of the County Board of 
Examiners in the county in which the holder resides. 

NO riCE.--The figures at the end of the line after questions on 
many of the following pages are of course not the answers. They 
represent the per cent, of value given for a correct answer in 
grading. For instance on next page the "60" following Question 
1 in Spelling means that the correct spelling of all the words is val- 
ued at 60 per cent. 



112 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Academy, rarety, tragedy, facetious, fictitious, nutritious, 
tenacious, contentious, precocious, remedy, separate, palatable, annoyance, 
existence, essence, vengeance, competence, connivance, residence, uttei'ance, 
crescent, oscilate, paucity, poultice, rescind, scintillate, proboscis, Pompeii, 
vigilance, violence, ostracize, invincible, nihilism, recurrence, repartee, Pleia- 
des, priority, monetary, labyrinth, insensible. 60 

2. Define: Desultory, cursory, approbation, commendation, benevolent, 
beneficent, affable, immobile, altruism, saturnalia. 20 

3. Place the accent on the proper syllable: Pyrites plebeian, overt, oa- 
sis, irreparable, finance, gondola, grimace, inexorable, incomparable, indus- 
try; integral, finale, exquisite, enervate, ducat, allopathy, revocable, vaccine, 
reparable. 20 

READING. 

1. In what ways may emphasis be laid on words? What are the purposes 
of emphasis? 10 

2. Should poetry be read just the same as prose? If not, how shou'd it be 
read? 10 

3. How would you overcome stammering? 10 

4. Do you determine power to read by pupil's oral effort alone? What 
stress do you lay upon silent reading? 10 

5. Mark the emphatic words in the following selection: 20 

"Seems, madam! nay it is; I know, not 'seems'. 
'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother. 
Nor customary suit of solemn black. 
Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, 
No, nor the fruitful river in the eye. 
Nor the dejected 'havior of the visage, 
Together with all forms, modes, shapes of grief. 
That can denote me truly; these indeed seem, 
For they are actions that a man might play ; 
But I have that within which passeth show; 

These but the trappings and the suits of woe." 40 

Read above seiection. 

WRITING. 

1. What are some of the advantages in vertical writing? Is it a fad? 10 

2. Do you insist on form or movement with beginners? Why? 10 

3. What is the unit for measuring the height of letters? For measuring 
the width of letters? 

4. What do you consider the best time for writing? 10 

5. Make all the capital letters. 10 

6. Your manuscript on composition will be taken for a specimen of your 
penmanship and will be graded on a scale of from 1 to 50. 



113 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. I owe $3,200 due Oct. 25; I pay $4C0 of it Sept. 15 and $800 of it Sept. 
30. When is the balance due? 10 

2. A gentleman in dividing his estate among his sons ; gave A $9 as often 
as B $5, and C $3 as often as B $7. C's share was $3,862.50; what was the 
value of the whole estate? 10 

3. If an agent's commission is $290 40 when he sells fH, 606 worth of goods 
how much would it be when he sells $7,416 worth? 10 

4. ^V hat is the difference on a bill of $1,750 between a discount of 40'/, 
and a discount of 30 'y and 10%? 10 

5. \^ hat is the weight of a circular plate of copper 11 inches in diameter 
and I in. thick, copper weighing 549 lbs. per cu. ft.? 10 

6. What is the length of the largest cube that can be cut from a sphere 
15 inches in diameter? 10 

7. A broker allows 6% per annum on all moneys deposited with him. If 
on an average he lend out every $L00 received on deposit 11 times during the 
year, for 33 days each time at 2f,y a month, how much does he gain by interest 
on $1,000? 15 

8. Divide $420 among three persons, so that the second shall have | as 
much as the first, and the third J as much as the other two. 10 

9. An agent buys 1,200 bu. of potatoes at 42 cents; commission 2Jf/f . He 
sells them at an advance of 28V- '^/c on the cost price, charging 3% commission. 
Find both commissions. 15 

GRAMMAR. 

1. How many cases do English nouns have? Why? 10 

2. In what case is each of the capitalized words in the following senten- 
ces: fa) She moves a GODDESS, she looks a QUEEN." (b) His father 
wished HIM to be a TEACHER, "WOE worth the CHASE." 10 

3. Discuss fully the use of SHALL and WILL. 10 

4. Illustrate by sentences five different constructions of the infinitive 
used as a noun. 10 

5. Write sentences showing five different constructions of the noun in 
the objective case . 10 

6. Give the case of the nouns and the modes of tho verbs in the following 
sentences: "Let him who is without sin cast the first stone." "Hallowed be 
thy name. " "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king. " 10 

7. Give four constructions of "as", and tell how each is used. 10 

8. Analyze the following: 

"With grave 
Aspect he rose, and in his rising SEEMED 
A PILLAR of state; deep on his front ENGRAVEN, 
DELIBERATION sat, and public CARE; 
And princely counsels in his face yet SHONE, 
MAJESTIC though in ruin." 15 

9. Parse capitalized words in above. 15 



lU 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Give four rules to be observed in writing letters. 10 

2. Write a letter to a friend, asking his endorsement in your efforts to 
secure a position . 10 

3. Write what you consider a proper answer to your letter. 10 

4. What figures of speech do we find in the following sentences: (a) 
"Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." 

(b) "The farmer sat in his easy chair smoking his pipe of clay." 

(c) "Ask you of all these woes the cause? The enticing bowl." 

(d) "The Niobe of nations there she stands, 
Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe; 
An empty urn within her withered hands, 
Whose holy dust was scattered long ago." 

(e) "Time slept on flowers, and lent his glass to hope." 

(f) "He dares not touch a hair of Cataline". 

(g) "The village all declared how much he knew", 
(h) "My soul is an enchanted boat, 

Which, like a sleeping swan doth float. 

Upon the silver waves of thy sweet singing". 20 
" 5. Write a composition of at least one hundred and fifty words on "Ten- 
dencies in Education", or on "Teachers' Associations". 50 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Does the sun ever rise exactly in the East? If so, when? Does the 
sun ever rise in the North? If so; when and where? If you were at the north 
pole, where would the sun rise? 10 

2. What causes contributed to the growth and commercial importance 
of Louisville? 10 

3. Name the States embraced in the Louisiana Purchase? 10 

4. Where are the principal copper regions of the U? ited States, the 
salmon fisheries, the anthracite coal region? 10 

5. Explain the formation of dew. 10 

6. What are selvas? Pampas? Llanos? Tundras? Steppes? 
Prairies? 10 

7. Locate the following: Isle of Man. Cape Bret'^n Isle, Juan de Fuca, 
Golconda, Malta, Cyprus, Isle of Pines, Warsaw, Kief, Manchuria. 10 

8. To what race does each of the following nations belong? The 
Spaniards? The Egyptians? The Laps? The Russians? The Turks? 
The Arabs? The Japanese? The Algerians? The Danes? The Hunga- 
rians? 10 

9. Name the States of South America? 10 

10. Name five of the most noted volcanoes of the earth? 10 

HISTORY. 

1. Describe the explorations upon which England based her claim to 
the eastern coast of North America. 10 



115 

2. What States constituted the Southern Confederacy? 10 

3. Explain the Joint High Commission of 1876 and tell for what pur- 
pose it was created? 10 

4. What acts of Congress were passed over President Johnson's veto? 10 

5. What colony first granted religious toleration? What was the na- 
ture of this toleration? 10 

6. Tell the story of the Louisiana Purchase. 10 

7. Name the first five governors of Kentucky. 10 

8. What was the first settlement in Kentucky? The first permanent 
settlement? Name five of the most prominent pioneers. 15 

9. Write a short sketch of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark. 15 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Describe the structure and function of the nerves? 10 

2. What are the cranial nerves? Their function? 10 

3. Describe the lymphatic system. 10 

4. Describe the process of digestion 10 

5. Name the bones of the lower extremities. 10 

6. What is the difference between lymph and chyle? 10 

7. What is the function of the medulla oblongata? 10 

8. What is meant by taking cold? 10 

9. Name all tjje glands of the body. 10 

10. What are narcotics? Why does the man getting over a drunk want 
water ? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Was slavfry a State, or national institution? 10 

2. How may the Constitution of the United States be amended? 10 

3. Describe the Supreme Court and the Circuit Courts of the United 
States. 10 

4. Must the President's cabinet officers have his qualifications? Why? 10 

5. What State officers are to be elected in Kentucky this year? 10 

6. What is meant by an alibi? By gerrymandering? By diplomacy? 10 

7. How is an indictment by a grand jury brought about? 10 

8. Write a discussion of Kentucky's State Government, showing main 
divisions and subdivisions of each, giving functions of various divisions, 
etc. 20 

9. State manner in which our island possessions are governed. 10 

THEORY AND PRACTICE 

1. What is meant by the "Oral Method"? The "Written Method"? 
The "Lecture Method"? The "Topical Method" ? 10 

2. What should be the teacher's aim, whatever her method? 10 

3. What is meant by the correla!;ion of studies? What should be the 
guiding principles in correlation? 10 

4. Would you encourage the spirit of mutual helpfulness among pupils 



IIG 

in their studies? If 

5. Give directions for conducting a recitation whose object is to make 
pupils think. 15 

6. What constitutes a good question? 10 

7. Define intuition, perception, conception, memory, imagination, will, 
sensibilities. 20 

8. Discuss plans for enlisting interest of patrons and general public 
in the work of the school. 15 

ALGEBRA. 



1. Given x i 2=v'4 -xi/64+x- to find x. 

2. Define surd; monomial, coefficient, index and equation. 

3. Find two numbers, such that the less may be to -the greater as the 
greater is to 12, and that the sum of their squares may be 45. 10 

4. X-— xy-ry-=481 [ Find the value of 
x+-v/xy— y= 37 \ x and y. 

5. A and B together have $250; but, if A were to spend J of his money, 
and B § of his, they would then have only $100 between them. How much has 
each? 10 

6. The difference between the hypotenuse and the two sides of a right 
angle triangle is 3 and 6 respectively. Find the sides. 10 

7. Find two fractions whose sum is 5-6, and whose difference is equal to 
their product. 10 

8. Factor a2+2ab f b^— c2;x3+x2— 4x— 4 and x-— 6x- + 16. 10 

9. Multiply-i/a+V c by i/a-f i/c 

10. If A gives B $5 of his money, B will have twice as much money as A 
has left; but if B gives A $5 of his money, A will have three times as much as 
B has left. How much money has each. 10 

LITERATURE. 

1. Who has written the greatest epic of our language? The greatest 
drama? The greatest Ijric? The greatest biography? The greatest his- 
tory? 10 

2. Sketch the story of "The Lady of the Lake". 10 

3. Who wrote the "Vision of Sir Launfal"? What is it? 
Who besides has written on the same subject? Wherein do they differ? 10 

4. Name five of the chief works of Pope. 10 

5. Name five of the characters in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". 10 

6. Name five of Longfellow's poems. 10 

7. Name three contemporaries of Byron and tell for what each is not- 
ed. 10 

8. Who wrote the following: "Ben Hur", "Sartor Resartus", "The 
Gold Bug", "Lycidas", "She Stoops to Conquer", "The Crisis", "The 
Tale of the Tub", "Queen Mab", "Rape of the Lock", "Vanity of Hu- 
man Wishes", "Lalla Roohk", "In Memoriam", "Evangeline", "Knick- 
erbocker History of New York", "The Barefoot Boy" ? 30 



117 

FOR COUNTY CERTIFICATE— WHITE. 

County certificates are of thres classes, first, second and third, valid on- 
ly in the county in which they are issued. The third class can be issued 
only once to the same applicant. In order to be eligible for this examina- 
tion, the applicant must be eighteen years of age. The examination in- 
eludes the common school branches, viz., spelling, reading, writing, arith- 
metic, grammar, composition, geography, historv of United States and of 
Kentucky, physiology, civil government, and the science and art of teach- 
ing. A first class certificate is valid for four years, and qualifies the hold- 
er to teach in any public school of the county, and requires an average 
grade of 85, no subject less than 65. A second class certificate is valid for 
two years, and qualifies the holder to teach in any school of the county 
numbering less than seventy-five pupils in its census report, and requires 
an average of 75, no subject less than 55; a third class certificate is valid 
for one year, and qualifies the holder to teach in any school of the county 
numbering less than fifty five pupils, and requires an average of 65, no sub- 
ject less than 50. The examinations are held on the third Friday and Sat- 
urday of each of the following month: May, June, July and August, and 
for colored teachers on the fourth Friday and Saturday in each of these 
months. 

SPELLING 

1. Spell: Canteen, turgid, solder, subtle, faucet, derrick, rescind, fossil, 
feline, serenade, - lassitude, peaceable, sinecure, incisive, meretricious, 
confectionery, perceptible, trousseau, symphonious, coral, neu- 
ralgia, iconoclast, guillotine, facade, indictment, resin, placard, isother- 
mal, incendiary, corpuscle, solecism, mercenary, pronounceable, supersede, 
talisman, subtle, sherbet, hyson, enervate, prophyry, pawpaw, pageantly, 
nuptial, amateur, missile, subterranean, edible, homicide, excusable, gerry- 
mander, expel, versatile, mandarin, frontispiece, tonsilitis, corolla, 
phosphorus, oscillate, orchid, panacea, gentian, excruciate, precursor, 
ephemeral, anemone, puerile, repartee, clematis, intangible, subsidize, 
intensely, supercilious, bric-a-brac, reverberate, invincible, epicure, 
allegiance, miscellaneous, insatiable, proceed. 80 

2. Define the first ten above. 10 

3. Mark diacritically the last ten. 10 

READING. 

1. What do you mean by preparing a reading lesson? 10 

2. What is a good reader? 10 

3. What is the value of oral reading? Of silent reading? 10 

4. Why do so many teachers fail in teaching reading? 10 

5. Do you put any value on class criticism? If so, what? 10 

6. Write eight questions on the selection below to bring out the 
thought as it should be in a class. 25 

7. Read the following: 



118 

The word seemed to catch her own ear. She paused; slowly she re- 
peated: "Broken hearted!" Then suddenly she caught the clue and flung 
her gaunt arms wide. She lifted her tortured eyes to the sky, and with 
a bitter triumph cried: "But a broken and a contrite heart, God, thou 
wilt not despise. " 

And hearing that splendid declaration that so thrills with hope, those 
who all unintentionally worked her woe bowed their heads and breathed a 
quick Amen ! 

Thou knowest how I loved the man I thought 

Thou wert, but who I learned to see 
Had never been. 

Ah, lost dream-love who brought 
Such blissful hours and days to me! 

I may not wholly love the man thou art 
Whose being is my misery 

But dearer far than all the world my heart 
Doth hold that man thou yet couldst be ! 25 

WRITING. 

1. Name the principles of writing. 10 

2. Should the same proficiency be required of teachers and pupils in writ- 
ing as in arithmetic? Why? 10 

3. Analyze: A, B, c, d, e, F, g, h, I, J. 10 

4. What is a good time for writing? How much time would you give 
in a country school? 10 

5. What is the whole arm n^ovementv What is its value? 10 

6. Write ten lines as a specimen of your writing. 50 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define Roman notation, root, extremes, area, stock, share, partner- 
ship, tax, proof, profit. 10 

2. 24--2.4+(5-3.508)— 3.092=? 10 

3. What is the nearest number to 7, 196 that will contain 372 without a 
remainder? 10 

4. What will it cost to carpet a floor 20 ft. 6 in. by 19 ft. 6 in. with 
carpet 27 in. wide at 75c per linear yard? 10 

5. If four men mow 15 acres in 5 days of 4 hours each, in how many days 
3 hours each will 7 men mow 19^ acres? 10 

6. If the enrollment of a school is 40 and there are 215 cases of absence 
during the month of 20 days, what is the average attendance and what the 
per cent of attendance based on enrollment? 10 

7. How long must $3,904.92 be on interest at 5 per cent to amount to 
$4,568.76? 10. 

8. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 73, 57 and 48 feet. 10 

9. How many cubic inches in a ball whose diameter is 10 inches? 10 

10. How many trees set 27 feet apart can be placed around a rectan- 
gular field 40 rods long containing 8 acres? 10 



119 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Name the modes and give tenses of each. 10 

2. Decline US, IT, WHICH, and YOU in singular and plural. 10 

3. Define sentence, clause, phrase, and auxiliary, defective and redund- 
ant verbs. 10 

4. Give five ways in which infinitives may be used. 10 

5. What is an expletive? Give example. 10 

6. Compare mild, homely, most, better, horizontal. 10 

7. Diagram and analyze: (a) It is not diflScult to conceive, however, 
that for many reasons a man writes much better than he lives. 

(b) I know where the timid fawn abides 

In depths of the shaded dell, < 

Where the leaves are broad and the thicket hides 

With its many stems and its tangled sides, 

From the eye of the hunter well. 40 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define: Anecdote, fable, story, romance, pun. 10 

2. Name figures of speech in the following: (a) This is Rome that sat 
on her seven hills, (b) Open that rusty door of your mouth and make your 
ugly voice walk out. (c) He is a slave to his pipe. (d)Poverty froze the 
genial current of his soul. 10 

3. Define climax, synecdoche, metaphor, interrogation, simile. 10 

4. What is the practical value of the study of rhetoric? 10 

5. What is invention? What is style? How may each be acquired? 10 

6. Write a one-page composition on "My Country". 30 

7. Write a letter to some business firm recommending a friend for a 
position. 20 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Describe the selvas, pampas and llanos of South America. 10 

2. Why is it warmer at noon than in morning or evening? 10 

3. What are salt lakes? Cloud bursts.'' Tornacioes? 10 
. ,4, Name the four largest cities in the world. 10 

5. Draw a map of the county in which you live, locating the streams 
and the county seat. 10 

6. What is a monarchy, absolute and limited? Give example of each. 10 

7. Name and locate five islands and give the country to which each 
belongs. 10 

8. What determines the amount of rainfall of a place? 10 

9. What minerals are found in Kentucky? In what sections of the 
State have recent mineral developements been made? 10 

10. Name ten of the most useful trees found in the United States. 
How do their uses differ? 10 

HISTORY. 

1. Give account of the introduction of slavery into America. 10 



120 

2. Give time, causes and results of the French and Indian War. 10 

3. Tell of Benjamin Franklin's part in the Revolution. 10 

4. With what do we associate the following: Oglethorpe, Witchcraft, 
Roger Williams, Pocahontas, "54-40", Hartford Convention, Lopez, Em- 
bargo Act, Conway Cabal, Valley Porge, Havana, Santiago? 15 

5. Tell the Story of the Boston Tea Party. 10 

6. Describe the compromise of 1850. 10 

7. Mention five important things with which Jefferson was connected. 10 

8. Name the presidents in their regular order. 10 

9. State briefly Kentucky's part in our various wars, naming some of 
her sons who attained eminence in them. ' 15 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Describe carefully the human brain. 10 

2. Give the changes that take place in food from the time it enters the 
mouth until it becomes blood. 10 

3. Name the bones of the trunk and give the number of each kind. 10 

4. What is an organic body ? An inorganic body? How does each 
grow ? 10 

5. Describe hair and give three- uses. 10 

6. Describe the lungs and give diseases common to lungs. 10 

7. Name the secretory organs. 10 

8. Give eight rules that aid in maintaining good health. 10 

9. What causes warts? Corns? Toothache? Fever? Blisters? Bald- 
ness ? Gout ? 10 

10 Describe the joints in the spinal column. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is direct tax? Indirect tax? Per capita tax? 10 

2. Why should the State provide the public schools? 10 

3. How may a foreigner become a citizen? 10 

4. What is done with disputed election returns in Senate and House of 
Representatives? 10 

5. How is District of Columbia governed. 10 

6. What part can the governor have in legislation? 10 

7. How do the members of the Federal courts get their places? What 
is the length of their term? 10 

8. What are the articles of Confederation? Why abandoned? 10 

9. Why do we send ambassadors to foreign countries? 10 

10. What do you understand by the term "strike", arbitration, union 
labor, "government by injunction"? 10 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What is teaching? 15 

2. What value do you attach to neatness? 10 

3. How do you use supplementary reading? 10 



121 

4. Discuss the value of myths for children. 10 

5. How do you teach numbers to beginners? 10 

6. Do you teach map drawing'.-' Why? 10 

7. Show how you would try to develop imagination in geography class- 
es. 10 

8. Compare the advantages of oral and written recitations. 15 

9. Name five most important elements of governing power in a teach- 
er. 10 

FOR COUNTY CERTIFICATES— COLORED. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Disburse, euphony, fatal, disfranchise, prophecy, imperisha- 
ble, faculty, malice, celar, illustrious, cabal, fugitive, tabernacle, pence, 
payment, panel, chaperon, response, academy, metropolis, religion, cuti- 
cle, foreign, column, concern, martyr, either, kinsman, cistern, foreman, 
legend, gaiter, forehead, jocund, succeed, tepid, raiment, parrot, turmoil, 
hermit, scandal, digit, relief, kerchief, rhubarb, sheriff, succumb. 50 

2. Use in sentences: Gymnasium, heirloom, bonfire, gale, cadet, her- 
oism, skill, seal, lend. 30 

3. Name the consonants. 10 

4. What is a letter? What is sound? 10 

READING. 

1. What is oral reading? Why valuable? • 10 

2. How should pupils study a reading lesson? 10 

3. What use would you make of objects in teaching reading? 10 

4. What is the word method? 10 

5. What is the relation of reading to writing? 10 

6. Write the selection below in words so that small children could read 
it. 25 

7. Read the following: 

Oh, the little boy is tired to-night — 

He has played tl e whole long day ; 

With coos and laughs he has happy been. 

So happy and cheery and gay ! 

And what has made the little boy tired? 

You'll be quite surprised when you know. 

Why the wooden dog Ned 

With the wiggly head, 

And the horse that will not go. 

And, oh, he's so tired when bedtime comes, 

And he's robed in his gown of white. 

He's fast asleep in his nurse's arms 

Before he can say good night, 

But when the morning's first sunbeams 

Peep in at the little boy. 

He jumps from his bed to his nurse's arms 



12-2 



1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 
6. 
ship. 



With one glad whoop of joy. 

And why is the little boy happy today? 

You'll be quite surprised when you know. 

Why the wooden dog Ned 

With the wiggly head, 

And the horse that will not go. 

WKITIN(i. 

Make the small letters. Show the height of each. 

Make the capital letters. 

Explain the muscular movement. 

What is vertical writing? 

Analyze letters in the word Frankfort. 

Write ten lines of some selection as a specimen of your 

ARITHMETIC. 



20 

10 

15 

10. 

15 

penman- 

30 



interest, 

10 

5 mos. 

10 

10 



1. Define: Arithmetic, division, fraction, integer, decimal, 
tax, premium, discount and proportion. 

2. Find the rate at which $450.00 will draw $88.20 in 2 yrs, 
12 days. 

3. Extract the cube root of 42,875. 

4. A dealer gains 12^ per cent by using a false weight; what is the real 
weight of his pound? 15 

5. A man sells 420 acres of land at $40 per aci'e and charges 2^ per 
cent commission; what is his commission? 10 

6. If the enrollment in a school is 40 and the average attendance is 36, 
what is the percent of attendance, and how many days' absence during the 
month. 10 

7. If a boy had five studies in school and the required average for pro- 
motion was 70 per cent., and his grades were 60, 65, 70, 74 and 81 per cent, 
did he pass or fail? Show why. 15 

8. Write an ordinary promissory note. 10 

9. How many acres in a rectangular field 80 rods long and 60 rods wide? 10 



GRAMMAR. 



Give examples. 



1. In what three ways are adjectives compared 
2 Name and define the properties of the verb. 

3. OH, YE gates, LIFT up your heads! 
Parse the words in capitals. 

4. What constructions have infinitives and participles? 

5. Compare and contrast the noun and pronoun. 

6. Illustrate four ways of forming the possessive. 

7. Define active and passive voice. 

8. Diagram: (a* He told me what I never heard of before, 
the lilies of the field how they grow. 



10 
15 



15 
10 
10 
10 
10 
(b) Consid- 
20 



123 

COMPOSITION. 

1. What are the figures of speech? 10 

2. Define precision, unity, clearness. 10 

3. When is a word obsolete? 10 

4. What is irony? Personification? Simile? Give examples. 10 

5. When do we use the period, the semicolon, the dash? 10 

6. Write a one-page composition on any subject. 50 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the peninsulas of Europe. 10 

2. Describe the Sahara desert and tell why it is barren. 10 

3. In what direction from Asia is Australia? What waters surround 
it? 10 

4. Define latitude and longitude. 10 

5. In what zone does most rain fall? 10 

6. How does the land surface of the globe compare in extent with the 
water surface? 10 

7. What country of North America is in the same latitude as the Brit- 
ish Isles? 10 

8. What animals are found in the torrid zone? 10 

9. Bound Canada, give capital and name three of its States. 10 

10. What are the productions of the middle States of the United 
States? 10 

HISTORY. 

1. With what views did the North and South go to war in 1861? 10 

2. Tell the story of Aaron Burr. 10 

3. What cities have been seats of our Federal Government? 10 

4. Compare the Northern and Southern colonies as to the provisions 
made for education. 10 

5. Give the beneficial results of the War of 1812. 10 

6. Who was Old Put, Major Molly, the Great Pacificator, the Bachelor 
President, Old Ironsides, the Hero of Santiago, Poor Richard, the Sage of 
Monticello, Old Man Eloquent, Unconditional Surrender? 10 

7. Give account of discovery of gold in California and what followed. 10 

8. Name five eminent Kentucky statesmen. 10 

9. Tell of Kentucky's policv in Civil War. 10 

10. Name the men who have served as President but never were elec- 
ted. iO 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Name and locate five single muscles. 10 

2. Name the organs of digestion and tell what takes place in each. 10 

3. Define suture, osseous, organs, fiber, mucus, tendon. 10 

4. Describe the sebaceous and perspiratory glands and give their use. 10 

5. What are "goose bumps"? 10 



1-24 

6. Name three causes of shortness of breath. 10 

7. Describe foul air and its effects. 10 

8. Explain the healing of a cut. 10 

9. Describe the outer ear, its air passages and wax. 10 

10. What is taste? Name the nerve of taste. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is a mint? Where are they? 10 

2. Describe the three kinds of governments that existed among the 
colonies, 10 

3. What is rotation in office V 10 

4. How do governments grow out of society? 10 

5. Name the county officers; give duties of county clerk. 10 

6. What is a constitution? Why necessary? 10 

7. Why do we have but one presic'ent and governor when other depart- 
ments are composed of bodies of men? 10 

8. What are imposts? Why levied? 10 
Define treason, habeas corpus, ex post facto law, veto, counterfeiting? 10 

10. Hov/ may an officer be impeached? 10 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Should examinations be oral or written? Why? 10 

2. Give reasons for and against keeping pupils after school as a pun- 
ishment. 20 

3. What is the difference between natural and acquired interest? 20 

4. Name the memory studies in commcn school. 10 

5. What is habit? 15 

6. What are the benefits that a school derives frum games? 15 

7. Show that the neatness of a teacher is important. 10 

N SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Assassination, dungeon, boi^ough, onion, vermilion. Sav- 
ior, grasshopper, gyration, criterion, hypotenuse, vicissitude, piazza, 
hypocrisy, militia, silicious, physiology, crystalline, chalice, cowardice, 
discipline. 60 

2. Define: Alien, filial, celestial, familiar, peculiar, plebeian, pinion, 
chyme, anarchy, choleric. 20 

3. Place the accent on the proper syllable: Lyceum, area, museum, 
vagary, abdomen, epoch, chagrin, recipe, convene, suburb. 20 

READING. 

1. What is meant by monotone? When is it proper to use it? 10 

2. What is infliction in reading? What is the use of it? 10 

3. Are you a good reader? If not, why are you not? 10 

4. What have you read outside of your school books? Who are the au- 
thors ? 10 



125 

5. Quote two stanzas from any poem. 10 

6. Read : 

"Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 

Who never to himself hath said, 

This is my own my nativ'e land ! 

Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned, 

As home his footsteps he hath turned, 

From wandering on a foreign strand ! 

If such there breathe, go, mark him well ; 

For him no minstrel raptures swell; 

High though his titles, proud his name, 

Boundless his wealth as wish can 'claim; 

Despite those titles, power, and pelf. 

The wretch, concentered all in self. 

Living shall forfeit fair renown, 

And doubly dying, shall go down 

To the vile dust from which he sprung 

Unwept, unhonored and unsung. ' ' 25 

7. The examiner shall have the applicant read a selection in prose. 25 

WRITING. 

1. Tell how the pen should be held. 10 

2. Make all the capital letters. 10 

3. Make the small letters which are two spaces high. Make all those 
which are three spaces high. 10 

4. Why should you strive to write well? 10 

5. Write the stanza which you have just read as a sample of your pen- 
manship. 60 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Sold two carriages at $240 each; en one I gained 20 per cent., and on 
the other I lost 20 per cent. How much did I gain or lose on the whole 
transaction? 10 

2. I sold my- house for $3,570 and gained 15 per cent. What price would 
have caused a loss of 15 per cent? 

3. What is scantling 16 ft. long, 6 in. wide and 4 in, thick worth at 
$16 per thousand feet ? 10 

4. A barn was insured for IJ per cent, and the premium was $29.45. 
What the value? 10 

5. Find the difference between the true and the bank discount of |560 
for 2 years, at 8 per cent. 10 

6. In what time will $360 double itself at 9 per cent? la 

7. How far is it from one corner of a ten acre square field to the op- 
posite corner, measured on the diagonal ? 10 

8. The side of the base of a square pyramid is 20 inches, and its slant 
height is 50 inches. Find the area of the entire surface. 15 



126 

9. A, B, and C rent a pasture for 6 months for $100; A puts in 25 cows 
for the whole time; B, 30 cows for 4^ months; C, 45 cows for 3 1-3 months. 
Find the amount of rent each paid. 1& 

GRAMMAR. 

1. How is a plural verb distinguished from a singular verb? 10 

2. Write a sentence having five parts of speech, and name them. 10 

3. Which of the following verbs have regular, as well as irregular 
forms: Know, wed, slay, build, burn, bet, kneel, light, dwell, dig? 10 

4. What is a redundant verb? A defective verb? Give an example of 
each. 10 

5. What are auxiliary verbs? Name them. 10 

6. Define gender, mode and apposition. 10 

7. What is the gender of the capitalized words below: 

JOHN has four LETTERS in IT. HE is a small wurd. The PRINCESS 
died youne-. The BURGESS lived in the borough. 10 

8. Give the case of the capitalized words in the following sentences: 
CAESAR having been assassinated, civil WAR followed. I wish HIM 

to be a good SCHOLAR. JONES, the BAKER'S, HOUSE was burned. 10 

9. Give the mode, tense, voice of the verbs in the following sentences: 
'Were I rich, I would purchase that property." "If it is raining I 

shall stay at home." "We are born to die." 10 

10. Analyze the following sentences: 

(a) "Between nose and eyes a strange contest arose. 
The spectacles set them unhappily wrong; 

The point in dispute was, as all the world knows. 
To which the said spectacles ought to belong." 

(b) "Thoughts shut up want air, and spoil like bales unopened to the 
sun." 10 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Of what use is a knowledge of grammar to you in composition writ- 
ing ? 10 

2. Write a letter to some firm, applying for a position; tell what you 
are able to do, and give reference. 40 

3. Write a composition of at least 75 words on one of the following sub- 
jects: "Forests", "Daniel Boone", "General Lee", '"General Grant", 

"Music", "The Influence of Woman, " 50 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What seasons does each zone have? 10 

2. Name the grand divisions of the earth in order of their size. 10 

3. Name five seas on the coast of Asia. 10 

4. Name the chief products of Australia and Cape Colony. 10 
, 4. Name five cities of Asia and three of Australia. 10 

6. If a merchant vessel were to visit the following cities on what bod- 



127 

ies of water would it sail: New Orleans, Buenos Ayres, London, Dublin, 

SidneyV 15 

7. Bound Kentucky and name five leading products. 10 

8. Name the two largest capitals in the United States, and five of the 
largest cities. 15 

9. Name three cities, three products, and three rivers of the British 
Isles. 10 

HISTORY. 

1. Name the first five States admitted into the Union, and give the 
date of the admission of each. 10 

2. How many States in the Union to-day? Which one was admitted 
last ? 10 

3. Give the main features of the Missouri Compromise. 10 

4. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 10 

5. When were the following battles fought: Battle of Lake Erie? 
Chancellorsville? New Orleans? Lundy's Lane? Yorktown? 10 

6. Name the first eight presidents in order. 10 

7. For what is Jackson's administration noted? 10 

8. Tell what you know of the presidential contest of 1876. 10 

9. Tell the story of Marquette. 10 

10. With what event is each of the following names associated: De- 
Leon? De Soto? Dewey? Simon Kenton? Lee? Cornwallis? 10 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Why do we need food? What causes the heat of the body? 10 

2. Where do the arteries end? Where do the veins begin? What arteries 
carry impure blood? 10 

3. What is meant by the pulmonary circulation? By the portal circu- 
lation? 10 

4. Name the bones of the skull. 10 

5. "Muscles must have rest". The heart is a muscle; does it have 
rest? If so. when? 10 

6. Trace the blood in a full course through the body. 15 

7. Trace the effects of alcohol upon the eyes; upon the liver. 15 

8. Name the five glands of the body. Where is each located? 10 

9. What is the function of each of the following: Heart, liver, pan- 
creas, epiglottis? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Repeat the preamble to the Constitution. 10 

2. In what is the legislative power of the Government vested? How are 
the members elected? 10 

3. What is an "ex post facto" law? 10 

4. How is the president elected? 10 

5. How old must the president be? How old must a governor of Ken- 
tucky be ? 10 



128 

6. How many members has Kentucky in both houses of Congress? 

7. How are the treaties with foreign nations made'.'' 

8. How many amendments are there to the Constitution? What is 
the substance of the last one? 10 

9. How many electors does a State have in the electoral college? 10 

10. Name the State offices. 10 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Moneyless, penniless, hibernal, rougish, incision, cerulean, 
indelible, quinsy, tautology, beneficial, resurrection, caisson, separable, 
mucilage, porcelain, liquefy, glycerine, superstitious, supersedure, her- 
baceous, panicle, fossiliferous, armistice, surveillance. 25 

2. What is meant by the power of a letter? 10 

3. What is meant by an alphabet? 10 

4. Define eucharist, synonym, homonym, superb, suburb, acoustics, 
citation, diurnal, nocturnal, feasible, alacrity, epicure, invincible, dif- 
ferential, consanguinity. 15 

5. What is the difference between a letter and an elementary sound? 10 

6. How do you determine the number of syllables in a word? 10 

7. What is a substitute? What substitutes are found in the word 
' 'physiology" ? 10 

8. Name the organs of speech. 10 

READING. 

1. Define inflection, monotone and emphasis. 
What stress do you lay upon silent reading? 

2. What are the requisites of good reading? 10 

3. Should oratory be made a special branch of instruction in our 
schools ? Why ? 10 

4. What physical advantages may be derived from reading properly 
taught ? 10 

5. Perfect oral reading of selections chosen by the examiners will be 
given a grade of 60 per cent. 

WRITING. 

1. What are the merits of verticle writing? What are some objections 
to it? 10 

2. What can a special teacher of writing do for the improvement of 
the writing of pupils? 10 

3. What time of day do you prefer for your writing lesson? Why? 10 

4. Make all the capital letters. 10 

5. Make all the small letters. 10 

6. One of your manuscripts selected by yourself will be graded as a 
specimen of your writing. You will be allowed 50 per cent for perfect 
writing. 50 

ARITHMETIC. 
1. What must I pay for Ignited States 5 per cent bonds that I may 



129 

make 10 per cent on the investment? 10 

2. Each side of a square is 8 feet. At each angle a circle 8 feet in di- 
ameter is drawn. What is the area of the space inclosed in the square 
not inclosed in the circles? 10 

3. Bought a horse for |60, What must be the asking price that I may 
fall 40 per cent and still make 30 per cent? 10 

4. What is the side of the largest cube that can be cut from an 18 inch 
sphere ? 10 

5. Sold an article and gained 40 per cent. Had it cost $9.00 more I 
would have lost 50 per cent. What was the cost ? 10 

6. St. Petersburg is 30 degrees east, and Denver, Col., 105 degrees 
west. When it was 5:30 a m., January 1, 1901, at St. Petersburg, what 
was the time at Denver? 10 

7. Sold two horses at the same price; on one I gained 25 per cent., 
and on the other I lost 25 per cent. If I lost $30 on the whole trade, what 
was the cost of each horse? 10 

8. The interest on the fortunes of A., B. and C, at 8 per cent for five 
years, was $1,040. What was the fortune of each if they were to each 
other as ^, ^ and J ? 

9. A straight line, 200 feet long, drawn in a circular racetrack 
just touches the inner boundary and terminates in the outer boundary. Find 
the area of the track. 10 

10. What time between 5 and 6 o'clock is the minute hand midway 
between 12 and the hour hand? 

GRAMMAR. 

1 Sketch the historic growth of the English language. 10 

2. Is it or is it not a highly inflected language? Give your reasons 
for your answer. 10 

3. Define the terms, "Strong verb", "v/eak verb". 10 

4. Define inflection, comparison, declension, parsing and poetry. 10 

5. Define ellipsis, pleonasm, simile and climax. 10 

6. What is wrong with the following: (a) Whom do you say they were? 
(b) Nature tells me, I am the image of God, as well as the Scripture, (c) 
Has the committee given in their report yet? (d) Nearly every one of the 
applicants were from the country. 10 

7. What is an infinitive? What constructions may infinitives have? 
Give examples. 10 

8. What is the distinction between grammar and rhetoric? 10 

9. Parse the capitalized words in the following: 

"Then went SIR BEDIVERE THE SECOND TIME 

Across the ridge, and PACED beside the mere, 

COUNTING the dewy pebbles, FIXT in thought. 

But when he saw the wonder of the HILT, 

How CURIOUSLY and strangely CHASED, 

He smote his palms together, and cried aloud. 10 



130 

10. Analyze the stanza in Question 9. 10 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define style, poetry, prose, meter and rhythm. 10 

2. What is meant by the Johnsonese style? Give an example of it. 10 

3. Define five figures of speech and give an example of each. 10 

4. Name some essential properties of a good style. 10 

5. What are the chief differences between beauty and sublimity? 10 

6. Write an essay of not more than 800 w^ords, upon either of the follow- 
ing subjects. My Vocation, or My Vacation. 50 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Explain the cause of volcanoes. Name three noted ones. 10 

2. Define solar system, fossil, llanos, pampas and tundra. 10 

3. Give the nebular hypothesis. 10 

4. What is meant by the flora and fauna of a country? 10 

5. What three movements have the oceanic waters? Explain the cause 
of each. 10 

6. What are the continental Islands? What are oceanic islands? Give 
examples. 

7. Name the States of Europe occupying peninsulas. Name their 
capitals. 10 

8. Name the mountain ranges forming the boundaries of States. 10 

9. Locate Odessa, Canton, Wellington, Galveston, Key West, Bristol, 
Inverness, Elsinore, Venice and Sidney. 10 

10. If you were to visit England, what places of interest would you 
wish to see? 10 

HISTORY. 

1. When and how did we obtain Texas? How did we obtain Florida? 10 

2. Name fiv? treaties to which the United States was a party. What 
was accomplished by each? 10 

3. What were the alien and sedition laws? Under whose administra- 
tion were they passed? 10 

4. What States were made from the Northwest Territory? 10 

5. What do you know of the assassination of Lincoln? Of Garfield? 10 

6. What was the "Ku KluxKlan"? The "Carpetbaggers"? Who 
are the Mormons? 10 

7. To whom were the following epithets applied: Old Hickory, Ex- 
pounder of the Constitution, Mill-boy of the Slashes, Sage of Monticello, 
Sage of Menlo Park, Mad Anthony, The Little Giant, Honest Abe, Lady 
Rebecca, and Sage of Kinderhook? 10 

8. What do you know of the campaign of Lincoln and Douglas in Illi- 
nois? 10 
9. What can you say of the John Brown Raid? Of the Dred Scott De- 
cision? 10 



131 

10. What caused Jackson to issue his famous specie circular? Who were 
the Nullifiers? The Antimasons? What was meant by underground 
railroads? 10 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Describe the brain. 10 

2. Why do our bodies grow thin when we are deprived of food? 10 

3. Explain what is meant by the sympathetic nervous system. 10 

4. Define myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, sular plexus and pleura. 10 

5. Name ten bones of the system. 10 

6. Air is composed of nitrogen and oxygen, and water is composed of 
hydrogen and oxygen. Why can we live in air and not in water? 10 

7. Describe the portal circulation. 10 

8. Describe the blood. Who discovered the circulation of the blood? 10 

9. What is meant by the transfusion of blood? What can you say of 
the success of it? 10 

lu. What can you say for, or against, the hereditary love of alcoholic 
liquors? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Give the substance of the preamble to the Constitution of the United 
States ? 

2. What is meant by the "original jurisdiction of a court"? By 
"appellate jurisdiction"? 

3. Name the United States courts. How do the judges get their offices? 
Are there any exceptions? What are the terms of office? Are there ex- 
ceptions. 

4. Explain an "ex post facto" law. What is a bill of attainder? 

5. What is a direct tax? What is an indirect tax? What kind of tax 
is the tariff of the United States? 

6. What is an export duty? What does the constitution say in regard 
to such ? 

7. How may a bill become a law. Explain fully. 

8. What does the Constitution say in regard to officers receiving pres- 
ents from foreign kings or princes? What becomes of the presents if sent? 

9. What is meant by the "writ of habeas corpus"? What says the 
Constitution in regard to it? 

10. Give the important laws touching slavery in the United States. , 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What is meant by harmonious development? Is it desirable? Why? 

2. What bearing has the art of education on psychology? What bear- 
ing has it on physiology? 

3. What is meant by the correlation of studies? What studies can be 
correlated ? 

4. Discriminate knowledge and education. 

5. Distinguish between objective realities and subjective realities. 



132 

6. What is the final end of education? 

7. Distinguish between education and culture. 

8. Do you agree with the following definition of education? "Educa- 
tion is a preparation for complete living". What is meant by it? What 
would you add to it? 

9. Explain what is meant by "kindergartens". Who is considered the 
founder of such schools? 

10. Do you believe that women are better teachers then men? Why? 
Should there be more men or fewer men in our schools? Why? 

ALGEBRA. 
1. Explain why a minus quantity multiplied by a minus quantity gives 
a plus quantity. 

2. A stock dealer bought 100 animals for $400, at the following rates: 
Calves, $9; hogs, $2; lambs, $1. How many of each did he buy? 10 

3. Of what equation are — 5 and 3 the roots? 10 

4. Extract the square root of 21—4/15" 

ix^ |x+2 

5. Find the value of x in'A/ \- X =3. 

x+2 X— 1 10 

6. Divide a into two such parts that their products shall be equal to the 
difference of their squares. 10 

7. X'''-ry''=152, and x^ — xy+y2=l9. Find the value of x and y. 10 

8. x+y=4, andx+y=28. Find value of x and y. 10 
Mistake in statement. Maybe x — y=4 

9. x+y+x2+y2=i8, and xy=6. Find the value of x and y. 10 

10. The sum of two numbers plus their product is 23, and the difference 
between the sum of their squares and five times their sum is 8. Find the num- 
bers. 10 

PSYCHOLOGY. 

1. Distinguish between imagination and fancy. 

2. Name the intellectual faculties. In what order do they develop? 

3. Explain the benefit of a knowledge of psychology to a teacher. 

4. Define intuition, conception, perception, percept and concept. 

5. What is the distinction between psychology and pedagogy? 

6. Define reason, judgement and emotion. 

7. How do we get our ideas of form, time and number? 

8. Do we inherit physical traits? Explain. 

9. How would you cultivate the memory? 

10. State clearly the mutual relation of soul and body. 

ENGLISH LITERATURE. 

1. What is the purpose of the study of English literature? 

2. Whom do you consider our greatest American poet? Give reasons 
for your answer. 

3. What American poet made a translation of Homer? What else has 
he written? Quote from him. 



133 

4. Sketch the story and give the idea of the "Vision of Sir Launfal." 
^5. Name five of the poems written by Tennyson. Quote at least six 
lines from his poems. 

6. Who wrote the following poems: "The Ancient Mariner"? 
"King Lear"? "Childe Harold" ? "Vanity of Human Wishes" ? "The 
Raven"? "Cotter's Saturday Night" ? "Essay onCriticism" ? "Alex- 
ander's Feast" ? 

7. Tell the story of King Lear. 

8. What is the difference between Lowell and Tennyson in treating of 
the Holy Grail? 

9. Tell what you know of Gray's "Elegy". Quote from it. What 
can you say as to the finish of this poem? 

10. In whose works are the following quotations found: 

(a) "Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay." 

(b) "He prayeth best who loveth best 

All thing, both great and small. 
For the dear God who loveth us. 
He made and loveth all." 

(c) "And though from our bourne of time and place 

The flood may bear me far; 
I hope to meet mv Pilot face to face 
When I have crossed the bar." 

(d) "The evil that men do live after them; 

The good is often interred with their bones." 

(e) "My words fly up, my thoughts remain below; 

But words without thoughts never to heaven go." 

(f) "The splendor falls on castle walls 

And snowy summits old in story." 
(g) "The rank is but the guinea's stamp; 

The man's the gowd for a' that." 
(h) "Gk)od nature and good sense must ever join; 

To err is human; to forgive, divine." 
(i) "Hope springs eternal in the human breast; 

Man never is, but always to be blest." 
(j) "Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides: 

Who cover faults, at last shame them derides." 
(k) "Teach me to feel another's woe. 
To hide the fault I see. 

That mercy I to others show. 
That mercy show to me." 
(1) "The conscious water saw its God, and blushed." 

GEOMETRY. 

1. Prove that the angle formed by a tangent aud a secant meeting ex- 
ternally to the circle is measured by one-balf of the difference of the inter- 



134 

cepted arcs. 

2. Draw a tangent common to two given circles. 

3. What is the locus of the middle points of all the chords drawn from 
a given point in the cii-cumference of a circle? 

4. The line that bisects the vertical angle of a triangle divides the base 
into segments proportional to the adjacent sides. Prove. 

5. How do you inscribe a square in a semicircle? 

6. How do you inscribe a circle in a triangle? 

7. Construct a mean proportional between two given lines and tell how 
it is done. 

8. The sides of a rightangled triangle are as 3, 4 and 5. The perpendic- 
ular dropped from the right angle to the hypothenuse is 20 yards. How long 
is each side? 

9. Give difference between the diagonal and the side of a square to con- 
struct the square. 

10. Find a point in a chord produced from which a tangent drawn to the 
circle will be equal to a given line. 

PHySlCS. 

1. Explain the principle and the working of the siphon. Can the siphon 
be used to convey water from a reservoir over a mountain to a lower valley 
beyond? Explain. 

2. Explain the cause of the mirage of the deserts. 

3. Give the laws for the refraction of light in passing through the differ- 
ent media. Give the la^w for the reflection of light. 

4. A cannon ball weighs 560 pounds in the air and 490 pounds in the 
water. What are its volume and specific gravity? 

5. A body was dropped from the top of a precipice 576 feet high. At the 
same instant another was thrown upward with a velocity that will just carry 
it to the top of the precipice. Where will the two bodies pass each other? 

6. The times of vibration of two pendulums are 1 second and 9 seconds, 
respectively. How do their lengths compare? 

7. A stone let fall into the "bottomless pit" in Mammoth Cave was heard 
to strike the bottom In just five seconds. How deep is the pit? 

8. A body weighing 5 pounds is moving at the rate of 64 feet per second. 
Find the numerical difference between its energy and its momentum. 

9. Explain the principle of the telephone. 

LATIN. 
Translate: Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido 
exire jussit ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus injuriam acciperent. Illi, 
ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod, deditione facta, nostros prae- 
sidia deducturos, aut denique indiligentius servaturos, crediderant, partim 
cum his, quae retinuerant et celaverant, armis partin scutis ex cortice 
factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito (ut temporis exiguitas postula- 
bat), pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mu- 



135 

nitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem 
fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat, ignibus significatione facta, 
ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter, 
ut a viris fortibus, In extrema spe salutis, iniquo loco, contra eos, qui ex 
vallo turribusque tela iacerent, pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis 
spes salutis consisteret. Decisis ad hominum millibus quator, reliqui in 
oppidum rejecti sunt. Postridie ejus diei, refractis portis, cum jam defend- 
eret nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem ejus oppidi uni- 
versam Caesar vendidit. Ab his, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum re- 
latus est millium quinquaginta trium. 

Eodem tempore a Publio Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, 
Unellos, Osismios, Curiosolitas, Sesuvios. Aulercos, Rhedones, quae sunt 
maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est, omnes eas 
civitates in ditionem protestatemque Populi Romani esse redactus. 20 

2. Explain the mode of each verb in the first question. 10 

3. Give the principal parts of the verbs in the first question. 10 

4. Explain the case of each noun in the first question. 10 
5 Translate literally: Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio facta 

est, ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi, 
proelium redintegrarent ; tum calones, perterritos hostes contpicati, etiam 
inermes armatis occurrerent ; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute 
delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. At^ 
hostes, etiam in extrema spe salutis, tantam virtutem praestiterunt, ut, 
cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi jacentibus insisterent, atque ex 
eorum corporibus pugnarent; his dejectis, et coacervatis, cadaveribus, qui 
superessent, uti ex tumulo, tela in nostros conjicerent, et pila intercepta 
remitterent: ut non nequicquam tantae v^irtutis homines judicar debaret 
ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire 
iniquissimum locum: quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redeg- 
erat. 20 

6. In how many ways may purpose be expressed in Latin? Give an 
example of each. 10 

7. Write all the forms of the gerund and gerundive of the following 
verbs: Respondere, dicere, potiri, dubitare, 10 

8. Write in Latin: The sites of their towns were generally such that, 
being placed on extreme points and on promontories, they had neither an 
approach by land when the tide had rushed in from the main ocean, which 
always happens twice in the space of twenty-four hours, nor by ships, be- 
cause upon the tide, ebbing again, the ships were likely to be dashed upon 
the shoals. 10 

FOR STATE CERTIFICATE. 

SPELLING. 

1. Give your method of teaching spelling in the different grades. 

2. How is the proper pronunciation of words determined? Indicate all 
the vowel sounds. 



13C 

3. Indicate the proper pronunciation of tiie following words: Pretty, bel- 
lows, museum, sacrifice, finance, javelin, disputant, precedence, cognomen, 
mausoleum. 

4. Define the following w^ords: Elixir, prophesy, invidious, ferreous, 
sanguine, aqueous, vitreous, stellate, intricate, deleterious. 

5. Spoil the following words: Hibernal, vaccine, reindeer, rhinoceros, 
jaguar, recipient, guttural, chamois, officious, pylorus, epilepsy, measles, 
pleurisy, delirium, bilious, strychnine, secrecy, collectible, acreage, resusci- 
tate, 

READING. 

1. What is meant by teaching reading by the thought method?. 

2. How far should a teacher allow a child to imitate her in reading? 

3. When and to what extent should elocution be given prominence in the 
public schools? 

4. Mark the emphatic words in the following: (a) 

"Seems. Madam! Nay it is; I know not seems, 

'Tis not alone my iuky cloak, good mother, 

Nor the customary suits of solemn black, 

Nor windy suspiratious of forced breath, 

No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, 

Nor the dejected havior of the visage. 

Together with all forms, moods, shows of grief, 

That can denote me truly; these^ indeed, seem, 

For they are actions that a man might play; 

But I have that within which passeth show; 

These but the trappings and the suits of woe." 
Read the above and the following: (b) 

"A candid but rational inquiry into progress and establishment of 
Christianity may be considered as a very essential part of the history of 
the Roman empire. While that great body was invaded by open violence, 
and undermined by slow decay, a pure and humble religion gently insin- 
uated itself into the minds of men, grew up in silence and obscurity, 
derived new vigor from opposition, and finally erected the triumphant 
banner of the cross on the ruins of the capitol." 

WRITING. 

1. Analyze a k, s, t, r, m, g. 

2. What conditions are necessary to obtain the best results in writing? 

3. Can every one be made to write well? Why? 

4. What system do you teach? Why do you prefer it? 

5. Do you believe in using slates in teaching beginners? "\Miy? 

6. Make all the capitals of the system you prefer. 

7. Penmanship -will be graded from answers to above questions. 

ARITHMETIC, 
1. If stock bought at 15% premium pay 7% on the investment, what 
would it pay if bought at 10% discount? 



137 

2. What is the surface of the largest cube that can be cut from a sphere 
which contains 14137.2 cubic inches? 

3. A, B, and C buy a house. A pays $2,000. B pays 40 per cent, more 
than A, and C pays the remainder of the price paid. The investment pays 
10 per cent, and C's share is $120.00; what was the cost of the house? 

4. A and B bought 200 sheep for $500. A pays $300 and B $'200'. Each 
kept 50 sheep and sold the remainder at $4 a head. How should they divide 
the money? 

5. A horse is tied to a post in the corner of a square field. How long is 
his halter if he can just graze upon one acre? 

6. For what sum must I give my note in banlc to get $500 for three 
months, discount being 8%? 

7. B sold goods at 40':,c gain, and invested the proceeds and sold at a 
loss of 40%. Did he gain or lose, and what per cent.? 

8. Sold flour at 3^/^% commission; mvested 2-3 the proceeds in coffee, at 
1^2% commission; remitted the balance, $432.50; what was the value of 
the flour, the coffee, and my commissions? 

9. If I sell goods at 10 per cent, profit on nine months' credit, what is my 
real profit per cent, if money is -worth 8 per cent.? 

10. A and B perform nine-tenths of a piece of work in two days, when, B 
leaving, A completes it in one-aalf day. In what time can each alone do it? 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Copy, punctuate and capitalize the following: 

"Whatever happens mary exclaims elizabeth I am the wife of the prince 
of Spain crown rank life all shall go before 1 will take any other husband. 

2. How is the passive voice formed? Does a verb in the passive voice 
ever take an cbiective? 

3. What may the predicate of a sentence be? 

4. Distinguish grammar as an art and grammar as a science. 

5. Write a sentence containing a noun in the possessive case; a personal 
pronoun in the first person, plural; a relative pronoun in the objective 
form; and a verb in the passive^ indicative, present. 

6. How do you distinguish a declarative from an exclamatory sentence? 

7. Give two plurals for each of the following nouns: Brother, penny, fish, 
horsBj cloth and die. 

8. Parse the words in heavy type in the following stanzas; 

"We dropped the seed o'er hill and plain 
Beneath the sun of May, 
And frightened from our sprouting grain 

The robber crows away." 
"Ask you of all these woes the cause? 
The festal board, the enticing bowl, 
More often came, and reason fled 
And maddened passions spurned control." 



138 

9. Analyze the stanzas in the eighth by diagrams. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Use the following words correctly in sentences: Expand, expatiate, 
eclat, apprehend, comprehend, emaciate, elusory, contumely, feasible and 
veracious. 

2. What bearing has reading on composition work? 

3. Define: Composition, rhetoric, style, diction, allegory, metaphor, purity, 
unity, harmony, metonomv. 

4. Write a composition of at least two hundred words on the subject: 
"The True Function of the Teacher." 

5. Name the rarts of a letter. Write a letter, and indicate the different 
parts. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Define climate and name the conditions upon which climate depends. 

2. What forms of government are found in the following countries: 
Brazil, France, Russia, Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, and Turkey? 

3. What is the most valuable product of Alaska, Porto Rico, Luzon and 
Hawaiian Islands, Kentucky, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Mississippi, Vermont? 

4. Name all the political divisions of S«uih America. 

5. Name ten cities in the Southern hemisphere. 

C. What countries are crossed by the 40th degree of North latitude? 

7. Where are the following, and for what noted: Corsica, St. Helena, 
Waterloo, Gibraltar, Genoa, Juan Fernandez, Alderney, and Kartum? 

8. What causes the apparent movement of the sun north and south in 
the heavens, and what is the measure of such movement in degrees? 

9. Draw an outline map of Kentucky, locating ten of the largest cities, 
five rivers, two railroads, the coal fields, the Blue Grass, Mammoth Cave. 

HISTORY. 

1. State briefly your method of teaching history. 

2. Note several differences, both inlierited and cultivated, that existed 
between the settlers of Virginia and those of Massachusetts. 

3. When did the Emancipation Proclamation go into effect? When was 
it issued? To what did it apply? Was it legal? 

4. In what war did the French lose control of their American possessions? 
What treaty closed this war? When? 

5. What territorial acquisitions have been made to the United States 
by purchase? When? 

G. What caused the War of 1812? 

7. Name ten of what you consider the most important events in the 
history of our nation. 

8. What measures have been taken for the education of the Filipinos and 
the Porto Ricans? 

9. W'hat important work was accomplished by the Joint High Commission, 
of 1877? 



139 

10. What territorial acquisitions lias the United States made since 1898? 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Describe the stomach. What classes of food are digested in the 
stomach? 

2. Locate and give the function of the vitreous humor; of the lachrymal 
glands. 

3. Give some directions for the admission of light into a school room. 

4. What is meant by vaccination? 

5. Describe in full the process of respiration. 

6. Name ten muscles of the human body. 

7. Describe the changes and processes of a mouthful of meat from the 
time it enters the mouth till it becomes part of the living tissues. 

8. Explain the car.se of animal heat. 

9. Describe the structure of the lungs. 

10. How would you illustrate the evil effects of alcohol and narcotics? 
ClVn^ GOVERNMENT. 

1. What are the three compromises with slavery to be found in the 
Constitution of the United States? 

2. What do you consider the most important question before our Gov- 
ernment to-day? Why? 

3. What is meant by a caucus? 

4. Define the three departments of our Government. Has the President 
any legislative power? Explain. 

5. Explain what is meant by "Civil Service." 

6. What is the constitutional requirement as to the residence and age 
of Senators and Representatives of the United States? 

7. What does the Constitution say in regard to powers not delegated to 
the United States? What is meant by implied powers of the Government? 

8. How many Constitutions has Kentucky had? Give date of adoption 
of each. How many State Senators are to be elected in Kentucky the 
present year? Explain. 

9. How many members compose the Kentucky Senate? The Lower 
House? When do they meet? How many can pass a bill over Governor's 
veto? 

• THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Specify your method of inculcating morals. To what extent is the 
teacher responsible for the morals of his pupils? 

2. Is the teacher or parent justified in the use of corporal punishment? 
Is it advisable to resort to such punishment before the school? Why? 

3. In moral instruction should the aim be to treat of virtuous conduct, or 
wrongdoing? 

4. How can you best secure regular attendance? 

5. How does a knowledge of psychology benefit the teacher? 



140 

6. What are some of the principles that guide you in the government of 
your school? 

7. What are the greatest defects^ in the common school system? How 
can they be remedied? 

8. What essential characteristics must every great teacher have? 

9. Is the aim of the State and of the parent the same in educating chil- 
dren? Give your reasons for your answer, 

10. Define: Intellect, sensibility, will, memory, recollection, apperception. 

ALGEBRA. 

2. State clearly the difference between algebra and arithmetic. 

3. Define binominal, equation, surd, radical, and simultaneous equation. 

4. Find three numbers that shall be to each as 3, 5 and 8, and the sum 
of whose squares is 392. 

5. If A gives B $5 of his money, B will have twice as much money as A 
has left; but if B gives A $5 of his money, A will have three times as much 
as B has left. How much money has each? 

6. 2ic— 3y=l 
3y— 4z=7. 
4z— 5x=32. 

Find the value of x, y and z. 10 

7. A rectangular piece of ground has a perimeter of 100 rods, and its 
area is 589 square rods. What are its length and breadth ? 15 

8. x2+y-'— (x+y)=8. 
(x+y) (x-y)2=32. 
Find the value of x and y, 

9. Write the formula for the square of the sum of two quantities; for 
the square of the diflierence of two quantities; for the product of the sum 
and difference of two quantities. 

ENGLISH LITERATURE. 

1. What does English literature embrace? 

2. Name the three greatest American poets and the masterpieces of each. 

3. Name the three greatest American historians. Name two now living. 

4. For what are the following men noted: Darwin, Gibbon, Grote, Fielding, 
Byron, Huxley, Froude, Green, More, Moore? 

o. Are works translated from foreign languages considered English 
literature? ^ 

6. What do you consider the greatest poem written by an American? Give 
reasons for jour answer. 

7. Who wrote the fo-ilowing: "Tom Jones"? "The Traveler"? "The 
Bivouac of the Dead"? "The Giaour"? "Marmion"? "The Jew of Malta"? 
"The Light of Asia"? "The Rape of the Lock"? "Mill on the Floss"? 
"Ivanhoe?" 

8. Name five poems written by Pope. 

9. Sketch the story told in Tennyson's "Princess." 



141 

10. Name five of the most prominent American prose writers of to-day. 

SPELLING. 
1. Spell: Obscene, malign, adjustable, pianist, Missouri, bachelor, sur- 
cingle, secede, siren, deieble. scalene, transpire, baluster, exhilarating, 
dessert, buzzard, serenade, duration, turmoil, beginners, rhyme, dispel, 
ignore, wrangle, impetus. 

2. In written spelling mention at least four points to be considered. 

3. Give four different sounds of "a" by using it in words marked dia- 
critically. 

4. Define: Capitol, capital; poll, pole; deviser, devisor; doe, dough; meet, 
meat, mete; male, mail; emigrate, immigrate. 

5. Mark diacritically: Sarsaparilla, Transvaal, consume, debris, firkin, 
soot, truthful, nicotine, chirurgery, veracity. 

Explain aflaxes, suffixes and prefixes; give example of each. 

READING. 

1. Name some points which should receive careful attention in every 
reading exercise. 

2. Define qualiiy, quautity, pitch. 

3. What is the relative importance of reading in the common school 
course? 

4. What is the main purpose of reading in the primary grade; in the 
higher grades? 

5. Read the following: 

Eternal Spirit of the chainless Mind! 

Brightest in dungeons, Liberty, thou art! 

For there thy habitation is the heart — 

The heart which love of thee alone can bind; 

And when thy sons to fetters are consigned — 

To fetters and the damp vault's dayless gloom — 

Their country conquers with their martyrdom. 

And Freedom's fame finds wings on every wind. 

Chillon! thy prison is a holy place, 

And thy sad floor an altar; for 'twas trod. 

Until his very steps have left a trace. 

Worn, as if thy cold pavement were a sod, 

By Bonnivard! May none those marks efface! 

For they appeal from tyranny to God, 

— Byron. 

WRITING. 

1. Define writing. 

2. Analyze the letters in the name of your county. 

3. Make the letters that are one space high. Also give five letters that 
are three spaces high. 



142 

4. Do you write copies for pupils? Why? 

5. Copy the first eight lines in the selection for reading as a specimen 
of your penmanship. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define simple number, compound number, prime factor, greatest com- 
mon divisor, improper fraction, ratio, insurance, sphere, circle, pyramid. 

2. What sum loaned at 8 per cent, interest to-day will pay a debt of 
$538.80, 2 years, 5 mos., 18 days hence? 

3. Bought stock at 20 per cent, discount and sold it at 12 per cent, 
premium; how much did I gain on an investment of $1,250? 

4. If 10 men in 8 days of 12 hours each can dig a ditch lOD ft. Fong, 8 ft. 
wide, 6 ft. deep, haw many men in 12 days of 8 hrs. each can dig a ditch 
120 ft. long, 6 ft. wide, 10 ft. deep? 

5. A borrowed $450 at 8 per cent, interest on July 1, 1895; if he paid 
$50 on the first day of January and the first day of July each, year afterwards, 
what was due on the 30th day of September, 1897? 

6. Extract cube root of 15813251. 

7. How much above cost must a man mark goods so that he may take 
off 20 per cent, of the marked price and still make 20 per cent.? 

8. 67.54X3.5+8.4^1.20 



24.56-3.58X4.3+7.85 
9. A note for 3 months, dated May 13th, face $300^, was discounted July 5, 
at 4 per cent. What sum did the bank take for discount? 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

1. Define vowels, consonants, diphthong, triphthong, and give an example 
of the last two. 

2. Give seven rules for using capital letters. What is the use of italics? 

3. Name and define the classes of pronouns as to use. 

4. When does a proper noun become common, and when does a common 
noun become proper? Give example of each. 

5. Give example of a pronoun in nominative sub. case; nominative predi- 
cate case; nominative by apposition; object of verb; object of preposition; 
objective predicate; objective subject; possessive; absolute by exclamation. 

6. Give synopsis of the verb ride. 

7. Name and define the forms of conjugation. 

8. Analyze or diagram: 

Such as went to the fair were well entertained. 

Man the sloop and ship the rudder. 

He seems an honest man. 

Whom are you seeking in the garden, Charles? 

Live or die, survive or perish, I give my heart to this act. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. DeHne humor, satire, pathos, irony, diction, unity. 



143 

2. Punctuate and capitalize: ■ 

Sir edward bulwer lord lytton was born in iSOo and died in 1873 he gradu- 
ated at trinity college Cambridge in 182G he was re-elected to a seat in that 
body where he served until his elevation to the peerage. 

3. What figure of speech is used in each of the following: 

The breezes whispered to the lonely girl. 

The wind roarod like a lion. 

The old man loves his bottle. 

The old man is a pillar in his church. 

She is twenty summers old. 

4. Paraphrase: 

By the rude bridge that arched the flood, 
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, 
Here once the embattled farmers stood 
And flred the shot heard 'round the world. 

5. Vv'rite a composition of one page on one of the following subjects: 
Admiral Dewey, The Nicaraguan Canal, Our School System. 

Examiners will grade on capitalization, punctuation, spelling, penmanship, 
neatness and style. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What is the leading country of Europe in the production of (a) cotton 
and woolen goods; (b) wheat; (c) wine; (d) petroleum; (e) carpets? 

2. What is the form of government in Mexico? Name its capital; its 
chief mineral product; its chief city on the gulf; its chief seap'ort on the 
Pacific Coast? 

3. Compare the basin of the Mississippi river with that of the Amazon 
river as regards (a) size, (b) rainfall, (c) climate, (d) vegetation. 

4. In which of the United States is (a) a National park; (b) the largest 
swamp; (c) the most famous cave; (d) the largest area not drained into 
any ocean? 

5. Describe the surface of Cuba. Give its products and capital. 

6. Name three highland systems of South America. Three lowland sys- 
tems. 

7. Describe and account for the climate of Eastern Europe. 

8. Give population of United States; of Kentucky; of your county; of 
your county seat. 

9. Draw an outline map of Kentucky, locating the large cities, large 
rivers, mountains, coal fields, hemp section, sections where bluegrass, corn, 
wheat and tobacco are produced. 

HISTORY. 

1. Account for the name: (1) America, (2) Florida, (3) Virginia, (4) Mary- 
land, (5) Vermont. 

2. Give time and place of settlement of any five of the thirteen original 
colonies; also give purpose of settlement and tell by whom settled. 

3. What was gained to the United States Government by the second war 



with Euglaud? 

4. Name, give date, cause, and results of the Inter-Colonial wars. 

5. Who said: — "I'll try, sir"; (2) "Beware your Northern laurels don't 
turn to Southern willows'; (3) "Millions for defense but not one cent for 
tribute"; (4) "I'll catch the fox in the morning"; (5) "Don't give up the ship." 

6. Give history of the Atlantic cable. 

7. Name the first five and last five Presidents of the United States and 
give an important event in the administraticu of each. 

8. Write a short account of our late war with Spain; also of war in the 
Philippines, giving causes, results, name of generals, admirals, etc. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Locate the following: Patella, carpus, radius, scapula, diaphragm, 
pleura, pericardium, periosteum, pia mater, dorsal vertebrae. 

2. Describe the human brain 

3. State the different physiological changes in the human system resulting 
from the use of alcohol as a beverage. 

4. Define organ, system, gland, muscle, ccrnea. 

5. Give three functions of the nervous system. Locate the seat of each. 

6. Explain how the nourishing part of the food gets into the blood. 

7. What is congestion, inflammation, asphyxia, scrofula, pleurisy? 

8. Give several rules for the preservation of the health. 

9. Name the different digestive fluids; tell where each is secreted, and its 
characteristic effects. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Distinguish in a general way between the Supreme Court of the United 
States and the Court of Appeals of Kentucky as to the selection of members, 
terms, number of members, and jurisdiction. 

2. What is a writ of habeas corpus, ex post facto law, bill of attainder? 

3. State five restrictions placed upon Congress by the Constitution. 

4. What is the necessity for courts of appellate jurisdiction? 

5. What is a capital offense? State two rights which the Constitution 
guarantees to accused persons. 

6. What persons are prohibited being President? Give qualifications and 
salary of President. 

7. How are territories governed? Name the steps necessary for a terri- 
tory to become a State. 

8. What department of our government has power to declare war; to call 
a special session of the Legislature; to grant copyrights; to try impeach- 
ment of a State officer? 

9. How are vacancies in House of Representatives filled; how in Senate; 
how for Governorshir)? 

10. What is a direct tax? An indirect tax? Name one of each kind. 



145 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Name five things essential to a good recitation. 

2. What are the pedagogical values of "curiosity"' ? 

3. State the purposes or school discipline and the fundamental principles 
which underlie the same. 

4. What is "real" teaching? (Answer not to exceed eight lines.) 

5. Mention some ways to secure attention. 

6. Name some principles that should determine punishments in school, 

7. Give the chief values of object lessens. 

8. What is method in teaching? 

9. Would you have regular written reviews or examinations — give reason 
for vour answer. 

10. What are the hest memory studies? 

FOR COUNTY CERTIFICATE. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Decline, obstacle, immense, coerce, cipher, deuce, towel, curtain, 
mantel, mirror, candle, united, cushion, satchel, telescope, salable, ignore, 
condemn, deceive, parasol. 

2. Give two rules for spelling. Illustrate each with words. 

3. Mark diacritically: Cologne, distance, iron, soot, again, Porto Rico. 

4. Use following words correctly in a sentence: Eulogy, pretense, sus- 
pense, affected, effected, ewe, you, yew. 

5. Give two sounds of i; two of a; two of o; two of e. Illustrate by using 
letters m words. 

READING. 

1. How would you conduct a class of third grade in reading? State briefly. 

2. Define enunciation, pronunciation. 

3. What is silent reading? Oral reading? Show how they differ, and 
what peculiar advantages are to be derived from ea'ch. 

4. Name three pieces you think would be suitable as supplementary work 
for a class of fourth grade. 

5. Read the following: 

'"So long the tryst between the Earth and Sky, 
Unanohored ships at willing anchor lie. 
For all things, great and small, enamored are 
Of quietness — the breezes rest afar. 
And gadding insects, that delight to roam. 
Furl their bright sails, content to stay at home — 
Soon, Twilight wins all to her pensive mood — 
The stillness deepens in the lonely wood. 

As though Silence were dead, and her wan ghost ; 

Haunted the charmed srot she loved the most. i 



146 

But Memory wakes, for she can never die 

To breaking hearts, who list her furtive sigh, 

As she gives back to Thought the golden haze 

Of long-departed, dear October days!" , 

WRITING. 

1. Narae the three principal movements used in writing. 

2. Give the height of the first ten letters of the alphabet. 

3. Write a copy that you think would be suitable for a child ten years old 
in a country school. 

4. Name the capital letters that begin with the capital stem. 

5. What is the main slant in writing; the connective slant? 

6. Analyze the letters, s, u, n. 

7. Copy the following as a specimen of your writing: 

"At the door on summer evenings 
Sat the little Hiawatha; 
Heard the whispering of the pine trees. 
Heard the lapping of the water. 
Saw the flre-fly, Wah-wah-saysee. 
Flitting through the dusk of evening, 
With the twinkle of its candle 
Lighting up the brakes and bushes." 

^ :)f :^ :i: ^ 

"Dark behind it rose the forest. 
Rose the black and gloomj pine trees. 
Rose the firs with cones upon them; 
Bright before it beat the water. 
Beat the clear and sunny water, 
Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water." 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define notation, enumeration, abstract number, concrete number, com- 
mon fraction, greatest comm-on divisor, longitude, bonds, commission, tax. 

2. By what number must you multiply IIjTo so that the product may be 
23625? 

3. A man bought an equal number of hogs and sheep for $1,482; he gave 
$5 each for the sheep and $8 each for the hogs. How many did he buy? 

4. Multiply the sum of 3 3-7 and 2% by their difference, and divide the 
product by 2 7-9. 

5. If $450 be loaned 3 yrs. 11 mos. and 20 da. and produce $143, what is 
the rate? 

6. If at 2 per cent, my commission was $90 for selling wheat, how many 
bushels did I sell if the price was 60 cents per bu.? 

7. Extract the cube root of 18608G7. 

8. How many acres in a rectangular field 85 rods long and 33 rods wide? 



147 

9. If a lady divide her estate of 38,700. among three children in the ratio 
of their ages, 9, 7 and 13, what would each receive? 

10. What would be the size of a circular plot of ground if a rope 12 rods 
long would reach from the center to the boundary line? 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Name the parts of speech and define each. 

2. What is voice? Use the words "see" and "kill" in both active and 
passive voice. 

3. Correct, giving reasons: 

(1) The folks is not at home. 

(2) The old ladv taken a dose of medicine. 

(3) The girl dresses neat all the time. 

(4) This is a more healthier place than Tennessee. 

(5) Yes, this is me; dcn't you know me? 

4. Analyze or diagram: The kind old gentleman whom you saw in the 
buggy gave his son a large farm in the valley. 

5. Parse the words in the above in heavy type. 

6. What is a word, a phrase, a clause, a sentence? 

7. Write ten nouns that have no plural form and ten that have no singular 
form. 

8. Conjugate the verb "sing," active form, present perfect tense, indicative 
mode. 

9. What is a transitive, an intransitive, a copulative verb? Write sen- 
tences giving example of each. 

COMPOSITION, 

1. What is rhetoric? 

2. What is plain style, elegant style, florid style? 

3. What are figures of speech? Why are they used? 

4. What is the difference between rhetoric and grammar? 

5. Use these words correctly in sentences: In, into, awfully, awful, yonder, 
further, until, westward, beautifully, thence. 

6. Write a composition of one page on the subject "Old Kentucky." 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Compare the vegetation of the torrid and temperate zones. 

2. What is a water-shed? Name two of the most important in the United 
States. 

3. Name six rivers (not tributary rivers) of North America, and tell into 
what each empties 

4. Locate the Humboldt river. Into what does it empty? 

5. What causes the change of the seasons? 

6. What and where are the following: Seattle, Caspian, Klondike, Ve- 
suvius, Sitka, Blanco, Panama, Volgn, Prince Edward, Ladysmith? 

7. Name and describe a current cf the ocean other than the Gulf Stream. 



148 

8. What is the capital of Ontario, Newfoundland, Colorado, Cuba, South 
Dakota, Canada, Alaska? 

9. What is rain, snow, dew, wind? 

10. Give the approximate area and population of Cuba, Porto Rico, the 
Philippines. 

HISTORY. 

1. What is history? 

2. Mention three prominent generals on each side in the Civil War. 

3. Give time, cause and results of the late war between the United States 
and Spain. 

4. For what are the following men noted: Robert E, Lee, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, John Smith, Henry Clay, Thomas Edison? 

5. Give an account of the surrender of Lee to Grant. 

6. Give the provisions of the Missouri Compromise. 

7. Why did not slavery flourish in the New England colonies? 

S. Tell the story of John Smith, of Jamestown (not to exceed fifteen lines). 
9. Mention five important battles of the Revolution. 
10. Describe the attitude of Kentucky in the Civil War. ' 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. What name is applied to the bones of the fingers and toes? With what 
other bones do these bones articulate? 

2. Name the valves situated at the mouth of the pulmonary artery; the 
aorta. State the use of these valves. 

u. Give three causes of the flow of the blood. 

4. Where is the portal vein? 

5. Describe suture; ball and socket joint. Give an illustration of each. 

6. State the effect of alcohol on the nervous system. 

7. What is a gland, a muscle, an organ? 

8. By what natural means is temperature of body regulated? 

9. What vein carries pure blood? What artery carries impure blood? 
Locate these. 

10. Give three uses of the skin. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What are the duties of the Vice-President? 

2. Name ten powers of Congress. 

3. What were the purposes of our National Constitution? 

4. Of what is our State Legislature composed? Give length of term, 
how chosen, and salary. 

5. What is the militia of a country? 

6. What is direct and indirect tax? 

7. Give one way by which a bill may become a law. 

8. What are the officers of a school district? Give duties. 

9. When was the present Constitution of Kentucky adopted? 



149 

10. How is a President elected? 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What do you understand by theory; by practice, as applied to teaching? 

2. How would you teach beginners numbers? 

3. What are the qualifications of a good teacher? 

4. What are the values of corporal punishment? 

5. Do you believe in giving prizes? Why? 

6. Mention some ways of securing regular attendance. 

7. What are the chief values of map drawing? 

8. What are some of the teacher's duties in the neighborhood outside of 
school? 

9. Should the teacher play with pupils? Why? 

10. What is an orderly school? Must there be perfect silence? Why? 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Nebraska, meteor, deluge, delicious, seamstress, geranium, 
laureate, receding, Philippines, succession, Oregon, rapturous, ecstacy, lan- 
guor, myriads, rattan, villains, disciplined, physical, visibly. 

2. Give two rules in spelling and illustrate each. 

3. Give the diacritical marks for the vowels, using a word in each instance. 

READING. 

1. What does it take to constitute a good reader? 

2. Define: Emphasis, pitch, volume, accent. 

3. Give the uses of the punctuation points. 

4. Read the following: A citizen is a member of the body politic, bound 
to allegiance, and entitled to protection at home and abroad. He can re- 
nounce his allegiance — that is, lay down his citizenship — by becoming the 
subject of some other country. Wherever he goes, until he renounces his 
allegiance, he is a citizen of the United States, and is shielded from insult 
by the might and majesty of the whole nation. 

WRITING. 

1. Make and name the principles in the system of penmanship you use. 

2. Name the different movements. Which is best for business writing? 

3. Examiners will grade manuscript on History as specimen. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. How many bricks, each 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, will be re- 
quired to pave a sidewalk 10 rods long and 8 ft. wide? 

2. On a certain railroad a train runs 17.6 feet a second; how many miles 
will it run in a day of 24 hours? 

3. A hat which cost $3.00 is sold for $4.00, and one which cost $4.00 is 
sold for $3.00; what is the gain per cent, on the first and the loss per cent, on 
the second? 

4. Find the true discount of a nc!e of $104.00 due in 1 yr. 6 mo. and 20 
daj-s, at 6%. 



150 

5. My farm which cost me $2,000' was sold at a loss of 25%. The man 
who bought it from me sold it at a gain of 33 1-3%. What did I get for it, 
and what did he sell it for? 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Name and define the parts of speech, give a sentence using each and 
underscore in each sentence the part of speech defined. 

2. Define: Declension, conjugation, comparison, parsing and diagraming. 

3. 'With a calm voice, easily heard over the silent assembly, he is said to 
have addressed the assembled multitude." What is the subject of this sen- 
tence; predicate; subject modifiers; predicate modifiers? 

4. Compare: Good, evil, little, beautiful, pretty. What kind of adjectives 
can not be compared? 

COMPOSITION. 

1. What is a paragraph, and what should it contain? 

2. What is an outline? 

3. What rule should be regarded when you begin a new paragraph? 

4. Write a short composition on the following subject: — My Term's Work. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Bound Kentucky, give its capital and ten principal cities or towns, and 
locate each. 

2. How many States now compose the United States? 

3. Where and what are the following: Paris, Germany, Rhine, Superior, 
Pretoria, Guam, Gibraltar, Panama, Mexico, Luzon? 

4. Name five important rivers in North America. 

5. Name the largest city in the world; the longest river; the highest 
mountain; the largest State in the Union; the most populous State in the 
Union. 

HISTORY. 

1. What was the Louisiana Purchase, by whom and from whom was it 
bought, and at what price? 

2. When and by whom were the following places settled: Plymouth, 
Jamestown, St. Augustine, Boston, New York? 

3. Name the thirteen original colonies. Which one was settled first? 
Which last? 

4. What caused the late war with Spain? Give date of following battles: 
Manila, Santiago. 

5. Name five battles of our history in which Kentuckiaus have figured 
prominently. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

1. Define: Fibrin, serum, vein, artery, capillary. 

2. Describe the ear, naming all the parts. 

3. Name the bones of the head; the trunk; the limbs. 



151 

4. Name the membrane that covers the heart; the hones; the lungs — 'and 
give the use of each. 

5. Trace the circulation of the blcod. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name the three co-ordinate departments of our Government. To which 
department does the sheriff belong? A United States Senator? 

2. Give qualifications necessary for the office of Governor. 

3. How are Representatives in Congress elected? How often? How 
many has Kentucky, and who is the member from your district? 

4. Give in full method of electing a President. ' 

5. Name your county officers. -^^ ' "" - 

FOR CERTIFICATE OF ELIQIBITITY TO THE OFFICE OF 
COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Adjustable, siren, docile, italicized, achieve, nickle, palatable, 
perceiving, sherbet, sachet, primer, tormentor, premier, massage, occultism, 
saccharine, cellar, arraign, talisman, anemone, plausible, fuchsia, puerile, 
sirloin, calendar. 

2. Use the following in sentences: Less, fewer; in, into; farther, further; 
divide among, divide between; ballet, ballad; lie, lay, divisor, deviser; essay, 
assay. 

3. Give rule for dropping the final e in spelling; give rule for retaining 
the final e in spelling; give rule for doubling the final letter in spelling. 

4. Mark diacritically: Scarce, coffee, chagrin, senate, flood, clematis, taunt, 
aesthetic, serene, unique, torpor, satire, aerial, truth, alpaca. 

0. Give two sounds of each of the vowels. Illustrate by using in a word. 

READING. 

1. What are pauses? What govern pauses? 

2. Write some selections you can recall, and underline the emphatic 
words. 

3. What sentiments should be read with low pitch? What with high? 
Why? 

4. Of what value is supplementary reading? 

5. Give your method of securing an intelligent preparation of the reading 
lesson. 

6. What is a rhetorical pause? A grammatical pause? 

7. What errors are especially to be avoided in reading poetry? How would 
you correct the same? 

8. Read the following selection: 

When Freedom from her mountain height 

Unfurled her standard to the air, 
She tore the azure rcbe of night, j 



152 

And set the stars of glory there. 
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 

The milky baldric of the skies. 
And striped its pure celestial white 

With streakings of the morning light; 
Then, from his mansion in the sun, 

She called her eagle-hearer down. 
And gave into his mighty hand 

The symbol of her chosen land. 

— Drake. 

WRITING. 

1. What is meant by the analysis of letters? Analyze s, z, r, p, t, w. 

2. What is the unit for measuring the height of letters? The width? 
What is meant by a slant of 52 degrees; 30 degrees? 

3. Make the small letters which are two spaces in height and the ones 
which extend one and one-half spaces below the base line. 

4. What characteristics do you consider essential to good handwriting? 
Name the different movements in writing. 

0. Copy the reading selection as a specimen of your penmanship. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define solar day, civil day, separatrix, money, commission, ad valorem 
duty, annual interest, progression, prism, cone. 

2. A leaves L for N at the same time B leaves N for L. A travels 1^2 
miles per hour, B travels 8i/i miles per hour; after 6 58-63 hours they meet. 
How far are the two places apart? 

3. A wagon bed is IOV2 feet long, 3I/2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. How 
many bushels of corn will it hold, deducting one-half for cobs? 

4. If 18 pipes, each delivering 6 gallons per minute, fill a cistern that 
holds 14,688 gallons in 2 hrs. 16 min., how many pipes each delivering 20 gal. 
per min. will fill a cistern that holds 110,160 gallons, in 3 hrs. 24 min.? , 

5. How deep must a cylindrical cistern 4 feet across be made in order 
to have the same capacity as a cubical cistern 4 ft. across? 

6. What princij^al will draw $1,089.27 interest in 9 yrs. 2 mos. 7 days, at 
12 per cent.? 

7. A and B are partners. A puts in $4,200; B, $5,600; after 4 months 
A puts in $2,100 more. If their profit is $1,800 for the year how should they 
divide it? 

8. The difference between the simple and annual interest for three years 
at 7 per cent, is $22.47. What is the principal? 

9. A ball is 10 inches in diameter; what will it cost to cover with gold 
foil at 10 cents per square inch? 

10. What is the cost of an exchange on London for £200 17s. 6d., when the 
rate of exchange is $4.90? 



153 

GRAMMAR. 

1. If, as is claimed, the child learns to speak correctly more by imitation 
than by study of the text book, why use the book? 

2. What is analysis in grammar? What is synthesis? Give the value of 
each In the study of this subject. 

3. Give nine rules for the use of capital letters. 

4. How are infinitives and participles like finite verbs? How unlike them? 

5. What is a regular verb, an irregular verb? Give three words that may 
be either. 

6. What is prosody; why should it be placed last among divisions of 
gram.mar? 

7. What is parsing? What is its chief value in the study of grammar? 

8. How are adj'^ctives and adverbs alike? How do they differ? 

9. Analyze or diagram the following: 

A proper description of the habit of chewing tobacco would exhaust all 
the filthy ad.)ectives of the language and spoil the adjectives themselves for 
further use. 

10. Parse the words in above which are in heavy type. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. What lules can you give for clearness? For strength? For elegance? 

2. Write a formal note of invitation. 

3. W^hat is a squinting expression? Give example. 

4. What figures of speech occur in the following sentences: 

(a) Ten thousand fieets sweep o'er thee in vain, (b) Shall mortal man 
be more just than God? (c) The ship opened fire, (d) Roll on, thou deep 
and dark blue ocean, roll, (e) He raised the gleaming steel. 

5. Name three kinds of style. Define or give an example of each. 

6. Make an outline for a composition on the subject "Duties of the County 
Superintendent." 

7. Write a short essay, using not more than one hundred words, using 
as a guide the outline you have jv&t written. 

Examiners will grade on punctuation, orthography, penmanship, neatness 
and thought expressed. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Draw an outline map of Kentucky. Indicate thereon the location of 
capital, chief cities, bluegrass region, mountainous part, coal field, tobacco 
belt and Mammoth Cave. 

2. What is the effect of the gulf stream on the civilization of Western 
Europe? 

3. What things tend to make a great commercial nation? 

4. Mention the five great powers of Europe. Give the capital and com- 
mercial metropolis of each. 

5. What and where are the following: Everest, Sicily, Orinoco, Azov, 



154 

Mobile, Dawson, Manila, San Joaquin, Ithaca, Morocco? 

6. With, what countries do we associate the following products: Rubber, 
quinine, silk, diamonds, zinc, cork, mahogany, sealskin, cutlery, carpets? 

7. Contrast the coast lines of Europe and Africa. What must be some of 
the differences in the habits of the people, occasioned by the differences in 
the coast lines? 

8. What Is a cape, a continent, a barometer, a metropolis, a prairie, a 
plateau, a desert, a jungle, an everglade, a cyclone? 

9. Name five of the largest cities in the United States, and give reasons 
for the size and imv)ortance of each. 

HISTORY. 

1. Divide United States history into its epochs, give time of each and the 
events which marked opening and close of each period. 

2. Narrate briefly the events of the last three years with respect to our 
relations with the Philippine Islands. 

3. Who are the leading Americans now connected with the affafrs of 
Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines, and what are the chief duties of each? 

4. Give account of the rise and fall of the leading political parties of this 
country. 

0. Name five great statesmen of Kentucky, Tell why each was considered 
great. 

G. Give some evidences, as shown by the study of history, that we are a 
progressive nation. Explain clearly. 

7. Give account of the origin, development, trouble concerning, legislation 
regarding and final extinction of slavery in the United States. (Not more 
than two pages nor less than one.) 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Describe the greater circulation. The lesser circulation. 

2. (a) What is the effect on the mind of extreme anger; (b) what is the 
effect of forcing the brain in childhood? How should a child be taught? 

3. What are the organs of the nervous system? Describe each. Describe 
the sympathetic system. 

4. (a) How is alcohol produced? (b) Is alcohol present in domestic wines 
and homebrewed ales? 

5. (a) Name the parts of the eye. (b) What is the office of the iris? 

6. (a) Of what are the muscles composed? (b) By what attached? (c) To 
what attached? (d) Give three uses. 

7. Name and locate, exactly, five bones of the head; five of the face. 

8. What is chyme, chyle, lymph, pancreatin, pepsin, bile? 

9. Define the terms femur, pylorus, dura mater, pericardium, epiglottis, 
ligaments, corpuscle, periosteum, cranium, pleura. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
1. Show clearly the value of a knowledge of Civil Government to the 



155 

teacher. 

2. Explain the three departments of Government. Illustrate how each 
department would deal with the same point in civil administration. 

3. What is a Constitution? Give the purposes for which our National 
Constitution was made. How are amendments secured to our National 
Constitution? 

4. Give five powers of Congress; explain each briefly. 

5. Name the State offices in Kentucky and give the chief duties of each 
officer, 

6. Name the departments in the President's cabinet. How are the mem- 
bers chosen, and what salary is paid to them? 

7. How may a bill become a law in Kentucky? 

8. Is government a necessary evil, as many claim? Why? 

9. State the difference between liberty and anarchy. What do you con- 
sider the greatest safeguard of our liberty as a people? 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Suggest some ways of overcoming opposition to the organization of 
"graded common schools.'' 

2. Give your ideas as to the value of district libraries and suggest plans 
of securing them. 

3. What are the defects in our compulsory school law? 

4. Name five things that go to make up a good school. 

5. What is good discipline in school? 

6. What should be the result of the County Superintendent's visit to a 
school? 

7. How would you manage to build a school-house in a poor district, and 
yet fulfill the present law? 

8. Name the primary object of education, and state three results it aims 
to produce in the child. 

9. Would you urge each teacher to have a program and his pupils care- 
fully classed? Give reasons for your answer. • 

10. Describe a model recitation as to conduct of a teacher, pupils, etc. 



156 

QUESTIONS FOR 1906. 

WITH SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. How find the area of a circle? 

Ans. Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854. 

How find the area of a rectangle? 

Ans. Multiply length by breadth, both expressed by same kind of units. 

10 « 

14X98X76X84X144 78204 

2. Cancel: = = 46001 it Ans . 

28X 4X17X12X 12 17 
Find prime factors of 9876=2, 2, 3, 823. 

3. Define (a) prime numbers, (b) Composite numbers. 

Ans. (a) Prime numbers have no divisors, (b) Composite numbers have 
divisors. Illustration: Prime numbers, 7, 11, 19, 31, 53. Composite numbers, 
8, 9, 10, 21, 51, 57, 91. 

4. From 15 bu., 6 qts., 2 pts., take | of a bushel. 
Solution: 15bu., Opks., 6qts., 2pts. 

3pks., 

14bu., Ipk., 6qts., 2pts. Ans. 

5. Multiply 9 gal., 6pks., 18qts., by5. 

Ans. The multiplicand is not commonly considered as a compound num- 
ber, since gallons and pecks are not of the same kird of measure. However 
if we consider a "dry" gallon to be | peck then 

9 gal., 6pKs., 18 qts., =3bu. and 6 qts., which multiplied by 5 
gives iTibu, 3 pUs , 6 qts., Ans. 
(b) Reduce 980 pts. to higher denomination. 
Ans. 15 bu., 1 pk., 2 qts. 

6', 

6. Multiply: — by difference between -"s and 'i;. 

21/3 

614 25 3 75 

Solution: xi/l>=— X— XV2=— =li%« Ans. 

2l<j 4 7 56 

•yi-XlMia 137 34 16 548 

7. Simplify: = ri^ x — X — X — = — = li»%4i Ans. 

"••.■•, jX9-H .5 12 16 147 441 

8. What is meant by insurance? Ans. Indemnity against loss by fire, 
water or any contingency. What is a policy? Ans. A policy is the contract 
for insurance. What is a premium? A premium is the cost of insurance. 



157 

9. Find the interest of '$5,240.75 for 5 years, 21 days at 5 per cent. 

$5,2i0.75 
An?. 12 6.07 Ans. $1,325.47 

.05 
What does "per cent." mean? Ans. It means on the hundred. 

10. Extract the cube root of 54>)72 

l/ 54872 = 38 Ans. ■ 

33= 27 302X3X8=21600 

— 30X3X8-= 5760 
27872 83= 512 
27872 

27872 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name three branches of United States Government. Ans. Legislative, 
Executive, and Judicial departments. 

2. What is an "Extradition" treaty? (b) What is a "requisition" paper? 
Ans. An extradition treaty is a treaty by which nations agree to surrender 
to each other persons who have been guilty of certain crimes specified. 
A requisition paper is a legal demand from one executive to the executive 
of another nation or State to surrender to the proper officers of the former 
State a person guilty of a crime committed in the former State, which person 
lias since fled to the country or State over which the executive addressed 
in the "requisition" paper has jurisdiction. 

3. W^hat is "suffrage"? Ans. It is the right to vote. 

What is a "poll tax"? Ans. A tax on the head of the person. 

4. What system of voting has Kentucky adopted? Ans. At general elec- 
tions Kentucky has the Australian system. 

5. What are the requirements of a legal voter? Ans. He must have been 
one year in the State, six months in the county, sixty days in the precinct. 

6. Who is your County Judge? In Jefferson county, Wilson is County 
Judge. Of course/ answers will differ. 

7. Name your County Superintendent of Public Instruction. Ans. In 
Jefferson county we have Mrs. Rosa Stonestreet. Here, also, answers will 
differ in different counties. 

Name your State Superintendent. Ans. Hon. James B. Puqua, Sr. 

8. Name the highest Judicial court in the United States, (b) Of what 
does it consist? Ans. The highest court Is the United States Supreme 
Court. It is composed of one Chief Justice and eight Associates. 

9. W^hat is a Treaty? Ans. A league or contract between nations or 
sovereigns. 

10'. Where was the treaty between Russia and Japan signed? (b) Who 

acted as Mediator? Ans. At Portsmouth, N. H. (b) President Roosevelt 

was the intermediator. 

COMPOSITION. 

1-5. Write a letter to Hon. J. C. S. Blackburn, asking him to use his 
influence in securing "local option" for the whole State of Kentucky. 



158 

Louisville, Ky.,. Sept. 28, 1906. 
Hon. J. C. S. Blackburn, 
Versailles, Ky. 
Senator: 

Knowing that you are always to be found on the side of the 
people, and that you are always willing to lend a helping hand to secure 
Improved conditions in our commonwealth, I take the liberty to address you 
these few lines for the purpose of asking jou to lend your influence with the 
next legislature of Kentucky to have passed by that legislature a bill, pro- 
viding for "local option" in the entire State of Kentucky. We Tjelieve that 
in this way, and in this way only, the pernicious influences of the liquor 
traffic can be checked. Assuring you of our appreciation of anything you 
may be enabled to do in this direction, 1 remain, Senator, with best wishes, 

Yours very respectfully, 

THOMAS BROWN. 
G. Use in sentences: (a) cuticle, (b) culinary, (c) criterion, (d) delin- 
quent. Ans. (a) The cuticle is the top layer of the skin, (b) The culinary 
department in this hotel is excellent, (c) Public opinion is not always a 
safe criterion for conduct, (d) He is delinquent in his taxes. 

7. xMark diacritically : alto, barytone, lyre, laconic. Ans. Consult the 
dictionary. 

8-lU. Read the following and give the composer's name: 
"Woman is the lesser man, and 
All thy passions, matched with mine, 
Are as moonlight unto sunlight, 
And as wate'r unto wine." 
This is a selection of Alfred Tennyson. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name a country of Asia which has always been "a bone of contention" 
between two strong nations of the Eastern hemisphere. Ans. Manchuria; 
also, Corea. 

2. Name the Southern peninsula of Asia. Ans. Arabia, India, Farther 
India. 

•3. Name 4 seas off the east coast of Asia? Ans. Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of 
Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea. 

4. Name 4 rivers and 3 mountain ranges of Asia, (b) To what Empire 
does Siberia belong? Ans. Rivers: Hoangho, Ganges, Indus, Amur. Moun- 
tain ranges: Himalaya, Karakorum, Altai, (b) Siberia belongs lo the Rus- 
sian Empire. 

5. What Strait connects the Atlantic with the Mediterranean Sea? Ans, 
The Strait of Gibraltar. 

What canal connects Mediterranean and Red Seas? Ans. The Suez 
Canal. 

6. Name the largest of the Philippine Islands. Give capital. Ans. Ma- 



159 

nila is the capital; Luzon is the largest island. 

7. Name the largest of the Japan Islands. Capital. 
Ans. l-Jiphon. Tokio is the capital. 

8. To what country does India belong? Where is Canton? Ans. India 
belongs to Great Britain. Canton is a city in Southern China. 

9. Name a salt sea in Western Asia? Ans. The Dea.d Sea. 

10. The highest mountains in the world are in Asia. Name them? Ans. 
The Himalaya are the highest mountains. 

Name 4 rivers of Asia. Obe, Yenissei, Lena, Brahmaputra. 
What ocean south of Asia? Ans. The Indian Ocean. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What is a simple sentence? (b) A compound sentence. Ans. (a) A 
simple sentence contains but one proposition, (b) A compound sentence 
contains two or more co-ordinate propositions, generally connected by co- 
ordinate conjunctions. 

2. Define (a) phrase, (b) Define clause. Ans. A phrase is a combination 
of words put rightly together, but not making sense when standing alone. 
A clause is a proposition depending on another proposition. 

3. What do Adverbs modify? Ans. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or 
other adverbs. 

4. Name the Interrogative pronouns. Ans. Who, which, what and 
whether, when used in asking questions. 

5. What is a relative clause? Ans. A relative clause is a clause intro- 
duced by a relative pronoun. 

6. What is an appositive? Ans. An appositive, or explanatory modifier, 
is a modifier that denotes the same person or thing as the term modified. 

7. Give the present, perfect and compound participles of: 

Go. Ans. Going, gone, having gone. 

Take. Ans. Taking, taken, having taken, being taken. 

Drive. Ans. Driving, driven, having driven, being driven. 

Grow. Ans. Growing, grown, having grown. 

Drag. Ans. Dragging, dragged, havmg dragged, being dragged. 

8. Name two classes of adjectives. Give an example of each. Ans. De- 
scriptive, as: beautiful; definitive, as: this. 

9. When should quotation marks be used? Ans. Before and after a 
direct quotation. 

10. Diagram: Buttons are made from potatoes, they are also made of bone. 

Ans. f j Buttons 

j ( are made | from potatoes 

j they 



1 I are made \ ^J.^^ 
^ (of bone 



PHYSIOLOGY. 
1. Name two kinds of muscles. Ans. Voluntary, involuntary. 



160 

2. Name two kinds of nerves. Ans. Motor, sensory. 

3. Where is the seat ot the nervous system? Ans. In the brain. 

4. How many pairs of nerves in the spinal column? Why are they ar- 
ranged in pairs? Ans. There are thirty-one pairs. Each nerve is made of 
a sensory and a motor part which soon unite in a single nerve. The nerves 
are arranged in pairs to supply both sides of the body. 

5. Diagram the heart. How many chambers are there in the heart? 
Ans. For diagram see any textbook on physiology. There are 4 chambers: 
2 auricles, 2 ventricles. 

6. Locate the capillaries. Ans. They are found at extremities of both 
arteries and veins. 

7. Why are the arteries and large veins placed near the bones? Ans. 
For protection in case of accident. They are not as likely to be severed 
as if they were near the surface. 

8. How much does the stomach hold? Ans. About three pints. 

9. What foods contain minerals? What foods contain albumen? Ans. 
Water and salt. Eggs and lean meat. 

10. Does alcohol nourish the body? What effect does cold have upon 
persons who are intoxicated? Ans. Alcohol does not nourish the body. 
This is the prevailing opinion among physicians. Some claim it nourishes 
a little. . An intoxicated person in time of severe cold weather is much 
more likely to freeze to death than one of strictly temperate habits. 

READING. 

1. Read a selection selected by the examiners. 

2. What is the aim of the selection you have read? 

3. What tone does it require? Ans. These answers (2) and (3) depend 
upon selection in (1). 

4. (a) What is the object of silent reading? Ans. Getting thought. 

(b) Which is more important, silent reading or reading aloud? Ans. 
While both are very important, nevertheless, silent reading is by far the 
more important, since through it we acquire all, or nearly all information 
or knowledge throughout life. 

5. Why is reading the most important, and also the most neglected sub- 
ject taught in our school? Ans. Reading is the most important of all school 
studies because it lies at the foundation of all other studies: History, Geog- 
raphy, Grammar, Arithmetic, Physiology", all are to be read to get at the 
information contained in the several textbooks. 

It is the most neglected study on account of the fact that few teachers, 
comparatively, are good readers, and no one can teach better than he knows. 

1, What is spelling? Ans. Spelling is calling or writing in proper order, 
letters and syllables that compose words. 

2. Define: (a) simple word. Ans. A simple word is not derived from any 
other word. 

(b) compound word. Ans. A compound word is composed of two or 



161 

more simple words. 

(c) primitive word. Ans. Not derived from any other word. 

(d) derivative word. Ans. Is derived from anotlier word. 
<e) root. Ans. It is the principal part of the word. 

(f) prefix. Ans. Is a syllable or syllables placed before a word. 
<g) suffix. Ans. Is a syllable or syllables placed after a word, 
(h) affix. Ans. Prefixes and suffixes are affixes, 
(i) diphthong. Ans. A union of 2 vowels both sounded, 
(j) digraph. Ans. Two letters to represent one sound. 
Illustration: (a) man, (b) woodshed, (c) house, (d) household, (e) house 
in household, (f) unreasonable, (g) warlike, (i) house, (j) digraph. 

3. Mark diacritically: abdomen, banana, carmine, coterie, genealogy. 
Ans. Consult Webster's Dictionary. 

4. Define: (a) Borough. Ans. A castle. 

(b) Burrow. Ans. Dig under ground. 

(c). Symbolize. Ans. To represent by symbols. 

(dy Susceptible.' Ans. Sensible to. 

(e) Anomaly. Ans. Something abnormal or irregular. 

(f) Invincible. Ans Not to be overcome. 

(g) Capricious. Ans. Whimsical, 
(h) Cere. Ans. To cover with wax. 
(i) Sear. Ans. Dry, yellow. 

(j) Seer. Ans. A prophet. 

5. Spell: cha*, acetic, debris, avaricious, beguile, aggrandize, ecstacy, 
affable, fallacy, aquiline, clique, hallucination, coalesce, gratuity, circuitous, 
deteriorate, idealize, lacerate, mnemonics. 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. (a) Give two causes of the Revolutionary War.* (b) Describe the Bos- 
ton Tea Party and the Stamp Tax. Ans. (a) Taxation without Representation 
and the Boston Port Bill, (b) When England determined the tax on tea 
should not be taken off, the people of Boston, on December 16, 1773, disguised 
as Indians, threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor. The Stamp Tax of 1765 
provided that all legal documents, such as deeds, etc., and newspapers, would 
have to have stamps, varying in value, affixed to make the legal documents 
effective, and the printing of newspapers, pamphlets, etc., lawful. 

2. (a) Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the American Army? Ans. 
George Washington, (b) Who was first in peace, first in war, first in the 
hearts of his countrymen? Ans. George Washington, (c) Who said: "Give 
me liberty or give me death?" Ans. Patrick Henry. 

3. What naval battle is known as Perry's Victory? Ans. The battle of 
Lake Erie on September 20, 1813. 

4. Who was John Paul Jones? Ans. He was an American naval com- 
mander during the Revolution. 

5. Name a settlement in North America made by the French? Ans. 



162 

Quebec, Name a settlement made by the Dutch? Ans. New York. Name 
a settlement made by the English? Ans. Jamestown. 

6. In what year did the Pilgrims land in America? Ans. In 1620. WTience 
did they come? Ans. They were Englishmen, but they had been in Holland 
for some time. 

7. Name some early settlers of Kentucky. Ans. D. Boone, Harrod, Kenton, 
Logan, Henderson, etc. Who was the founder of Lexington, Ky.? Ans. 
Lindsey, Jordan, Vance. Who was the founder of Louisville, Ky.? Ans. 
Captain Linn. 

8. Describe the battle of Perryville? Ans. On October 8, 1862, an inde- 
cisive battle was fought between the Federals under Buell and the Confed- 
erates under Bragg. After the battle Rosecrans superseded Buell. (b) Who 
settled Harrodsburg? Ans. James Harrod. 

9. Name the first two and last two Governors of Kentucky? Ans. Shelby 
and Garrard were the first two, and Goebel and Beckham the last two. 

10. Name the counties which surround your county. Ans. Answers will 
differ. See map. 

WRITING. 

1. What is the correct method of holding the pen? Ans. Hold the pen 
between thumb and forefinger, with middle finger on the side of the pen, 
giving free motion to the pen while writing. 

2. Explain what is meant by the following terms in writing: (a) Base line. 
Ans. It is the Ime on which the letters rest, (b) Head line. Ans. Head line 
is one space above the base line, (c) Top line. Ans. The top line is two 
and sometimes three spaces from base line, (d) Space. Ans. Space in 
height is the height of letter "i." Space in width is the distance between 
the two straight marks in letter "u." 

3. What principals are most prominent in forming capitals? Ans. Oval, 
Inverted oval. Capital stem. 

4. Analyze the letters in the word: Interval? Ans. The student should 
show the principals used, as is done in the first writing questions in this book. 
The principles are: 




5. Write a quotation of four or more lines as specimen of your writing. 
Ans. 

"A story in which native humor reigns 
Is often useful, often entertains; 
A graven fact, enlisted on your side. 
May furnish illustration, well applied; 
But sedentary weavers of long tales 
Give me the fidgets, and my patience fails." 

— Cowper. 



163 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. (a) Name the seven capital letters used in Roman notation, (b) 
Express in Roman characters: 79, 1040, 2899, 1896. 

Ans. (a) I, V, X, L, C, D, M. (b) LXXIX, MXL, MMDCCCXCIX, 
MDCCCCXVI. 

2. Give examples of (a) proper, (b) improper fractions; (c) mixed num- 
bers; (d) unit in the form of a fraction. 

Ans. (a) V^, %, -V-; (b) '% i%, %; (c) 2I2, 3%, ^h\ (d) %, '/i, ^%3. 

3. (a) Give tables for Surveyor's square measure, long measure, cubic 
measure, (b) Reduce -^s gallons to lower denomination. (c) Reduce 375 gal- 
lons to lower denomination, (d) Reduce 725 lbs. to the fraction of a ton. 

Ans. (a) 625 sq links=l sq. rd. | 12 in.=l ft. | 1728 cu. in.=l cu. ft. 

16sq.rds.=lsq.ch. | 3 ft.=l yd. | 27 cu. ft.=l cu. yd. 

10 sq. ch. = l A. I 5i yd.=l rd. | 128 cu. ft.= 1 cord. 

640 A.=l sq. mi. | 32u rd.=l mi | 

36 sq. mi.=l Tp. | 

(b) % gal.=l qt., 1 pt. (c) 375 gal. = 1,500 qts., or 3,000 pts., or 12,000 
gills, (d) 725 lbs . = '='2%ooo = 2%o Ton. Ans. 

4. Define and illustrate: Right angle, acute angle, obtuse angle, paral- 
lelogram, rectangle, trapezoid, altitude, vertex, base. 

Ans. A right angle is formed by a line perpendicular to another line: |_. 
An acute angle is smaller than a right angle: <\ An obtuse angle is greater 
than a right angle. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs paral- 
lel sides. A rectangle is a right angled parallelogram. A trapezoid is a quad- 
rilateral having two parallel sides. The altitude is the perpendicular distance 
from base to highest point; the vertex is the highest point. The base is the 
line on which the figure stands. 

5. Find the area of a circular field whose circumference is 320 rds and di- 
ameter 101 545 rds. 

Ans. Formula: Circumf. X J l^iam; 80X101.545 sq. rds. =8123.6 sq. rds. 
8123.6 sq. rds. =50 A. 123.6 sq. rds. 

6. What will be the cost of a rug 3 Jx3 yds., at $1.25 per sq. yd., with a 
border | of a yard in addition at 50c per lineal yard? 

Ans. 3ix3X$l -25 = $13,125 cost of rug 

( 10+6) X- 50 = $ 8. cost of border. 

$21,125 total cost. Ans. 

7. Find the contents in bushels of a wagon box 5 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, 4^3 
ft. deep, (b) How many barrels in a circular cistern 5 ft in diameter and 8 
feet deep? 

Ans. (a) 5X3X4V3X 803= 52.195 bushels. Ans. 

(b) 60X60X. 0034X96= 1175 04 gal, and 1175.04^31^ =37.3 bbl Ans. 

8. Mr. B raised 500 bushels of wheat which was 33V3'/f more than ^3 of 
what D raised. How many bushels did D raise? 

Ans . 500 bushels = * 3 of 375 bushels . 

375 bushels = -'3 of 562^ bushels. Ans. 

9. Find the interest and amount of $696.85 for 6 yrs , 8 mos., 12 da., at 6'/c. 



164 



(b) Find the interest of $18.75 from April 1st, 1890 to July 22, 1891 at6% . 

Ans. I $696 85 

12 I 80.4 40.2 
2 I .06 



.01 





yrs. 


mos. 


days. 


(b) 91 


7 


22 




90 


4 


1 


1 


3 


21 Time 




$18.75 






1-2 


15.7 


7.85 




2 


.06 
.01 







10. 
Also of 



$280. 13=Interest. Ans. 
$696 85=Prin. 

976.98 Ars. 

$ 1.47 Int. Ans. 

Define Involution, Evolution. Extract the square root of 282429536481. 

262144 

Extract the cube root of 3048625. 



390625 

Ans. (a) Involution is finding any power or multiplication of as many 
equal factors as the exponent indicates. Evolution is the extraction of roots. 



(b) \/282429536481=531441 
52=25 

324 
103 309 

1529 
1061 1061 

46853 
10624 42496 

435764 
106284 425136 



1062881 
1062881 1062881 



(d) 



10X10X3=300 
4 

1200 

10X3X16=480 
4-'= 64 



/ 262144 _512 
(c) \ 390625 625 



t 3048625 
1-^ 1 

2048 
1744 

304625 
3U4625 



145 



140X140X3X5=294000 

140X3X25 = 10500 

5''= 125 



304625 



165 

ALGEBRA. 

1. (a) Define quantity, (b) mathematics. (c) algebra (d) reciprocal 
of a quantity. 

Ans. (a) Quantity is anything that can be measured, or increased and de- 
creased (b) Mathematics is the science of quantity. (c) Algebra is the 
method of investigating the relations of numbers by means of general sym- 
bols, (d) T he reciprocal of a quantity is the unit divided by that quantity. 

2. Define (a) factors; (b> compound quantity; (c) prime quantity; (d) 
quantities prime to each other. 

Ans (a) Factors are divisors; (b) A composite quantity has factors; (c) 
Prime quantities have no factors; (d) Numbers or quantities are prime to 
each other, if they have no common factors. 

3. Reduce to their least common denominator 

(a) c— d X acd bx a'bm 
, — and m; , — , A.ns. 

ab a- a-b a^b a^b 

(b) X x2 X^ X (x-fl) x2 x+ 



X— 1 X- — 1 X2— 1 X~—l X-— 1 X2— 1 

4. (a) Define the degree of an equation; (b) a simple equation; (c) quad- 
ratics; (d) cubic: (e) transformation of an equation; (f) give principles upon 
which all transformationare based. 

Ans. (a) It is determined by the highest power of unknown quantity; 
(b) equation of 1st degree; (c) equation of 2nd degree; (d) equation of 3rd 
degree; (e) change of form of equation; (f) adding equal quantities to equals, 
or subtracting equal quantities from equals in each case leaves equals. 

3 

5. Clear of the fractions: 2I57— l^ii or 2907— 1955x=1026x Ans. 

X 

x 6x 

1 m 6 6m 

4 4 

6. Also =2 or --2 or 24— 6x-24m=8x Ans 

X X 

6 

7. If $75 be divided between two men in the ratio of 3 to 2, what is each 
share? 

Solution: Let 3x and 2x be the respective shares; then 2x+3x=75; 
5x=75; x=15, and 2x=30 Ans. Also 3x=45 Ans. 

8. Define independent equations. Ans. Independent equations are equa- 
tions that cannot be obtained one from the other by any of the fundamental 
rules. 

To what do they always refer? Ans. To equations with 2 or more un- 
known quantities 

Define quadratic equations. Ans. See Sec. (c) in No. 4 above. 

Define pure quadratics. Ans. In pure quadratics only the 2nd power of 
the unknown quantity is found. 



1G6 

Define affected quadratics. Ans. In affected quadratics both 1st and 2nd 
powers of the unknown quantity are represented 

9. What is meant by the root of an equation? 
Ans. The value of the unknown quantity. 

10. Solve the following equations: 

(a! b)x (a — b)x 

Ans. (a) = V4 or 4 (a+b)-x — 4 (a— b)-x-a-— b-; or 

a— b a+b 

4a2x+8abx+4b-'x— 4a-x+8abx— 4b2x=a2— b2 

a2— b2 

16abx=a-— b-; or x= Ans. 

16ab 



(b) 



i + i_Jl MT-r 12 1 1 1 /T-T 
^ ^ 25 X 5 x2 x2 5x 125 25 



5 x2 



14 4 11 4 1 

X* 5x^ 25x- 5x- X* 5x3 25x^ 

100x^=5x3 and x = 20 Ans. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What is the inclination of the Earth's axis? Ans. 23i/^ degrees. What 
causes day and night? Ans. Rotation of the Earth. What causes change of 
seasons? Ans. Revolution of the Earth and Inclination of the axis of the 
Earth. 

2. Define: (a) Atmospheric agents, (b) erosion, (c) detritus, (d) earth- 
quakes, (e) geysers. Ans. (a) wind, heat, cold, rain, etc. (b) The wearing 
away of the earth's crust by water, (c) Silt carried by the river, (d) Shak- 
ing of earth's crust, (e) Hot springs, which spontaneously throw up jets of 
boiling water. 

3. Define: Stalactites, (b) stalagmites. Ans. Deposits of carbonate of lime 
hanging like icicles from the roof of a cavern. Stalagmites are deposits of 
lime on floor of a cavern. 

How are natural bridges formed? Ans. By erosion. 
Explain the formation of Salt Lakes? Ans. They are salt because 
they have no outlet. 

4. Explain the work of glaciers? Ans. Glaciers carry moraines and de- 
posit them on the sides of the valley (lateral moraines), or at the end (ter- 
minal). They distribute in their course huge bowlders that were imbedded in 
the ice. They mark the sides and bottom of the valley with scratches 
(striae). 

What causes Tides? Ans. Attraction of the Moon and the Sun. 

Name two kinds of Tides? Ans. Spring Tides and Neap Tides. 

How are coral reefs made? Ans. By coral polyps. 

Where is the greatest depth of the ocean? Ans. Where Southern At- 
lantic and Southern Pacific join is supposed to be the place of great- 
est depth. 



167 

5. Explain Equinox? (b) Solstice? Ans. On or about March 20tli the ver- 
tical rays of the Sun are at the equator. The days and nights are then 
everywhere of the same length. This occurs also about September 20. 

(b) About June 20th the vertical rays of the Sun are at the Tropic of Can- 
cer; six months later they are at the Tropic of Capricorn. At either time 
the Sun appears to stand still in its apparent course, before returning. 

6. Name the water boundaries of Russia? Ans. Baltic, Arctic, White 
Sea, Pacific, Caspian Sea, and Black Sea, with Sea of Azov. 

What mountains East and South? Ans. Thian Shan, Altai, Yablonoi, 

Stanovoi. 
Name 4 rivers of Russia, (b) Give its capital. Ans. Volga, Obe, Yen- 

nissei, Lena, (b) St. Petersburg. 

7. In what direction is Japan from Russia? Ans. Southeast. 

Explain the government of Russia and name its ruler. Ans. It is a 
despotic monarchy. Its present ruler is Czar Nicholas II. 

8. Name the 2 largest Japanese islands? Capital? Name of ruler? Ans. 
(a) Niphon, Yezo. (b) Tokio. (c) Mikado Mutsuhito. 

9. Describe a proposed method of connecting Russia and America by rail? 
Ans. By means of a tunnel under Behring Strait. 

10. Why should you like to visit the following: (a) Port Arthur? Ans. 
On account of siege during the late war. (b) Yosemite Valley? Ans. On ac- 
count of natural scenery, (c) St. Augustine? Ans. It is the oldest town in the 
United States, (d) London? Ans. It is the largest city in the world, (e) 
Frankfort, Ky.? Ans. To visit the grave of Daniel Boone. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name the Chief Executive of United States? Ans. President Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

Give preamble to Constitution of United States? Ans. "We, the people 
of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, estab- 
lish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common 
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America." 

Give qualification of President and Vice President? Ans. Both have 
to be native-born Americans and 35 years old. 

Give salary of each? Ans. President, $50,000; Vice President, $8,000. 

2. (a) How is the President elected? (b) When inaugurated? (c) Where 
is his official residence? Ans. (a) By electoral college, (b) March 4 after 
election, (c) White House, Washington, D. C. 

3. What is meant by President's Cabinet? (b) How many are there? 

(c) Name them? Ans. (a) His ofl[icial advisers, (b) There are nine, (c) 
Root (State), Shaw (Treasury), Taft (War), Bonaparte (Navy), Moody (At- 
torney General), Cortelyou (Postmaster General), Hitchcock (Interior), 
Wilson (Agriculture), Metcalfe (Commerce and Labor). 



168 

4. What is meant by "Flatform"? Ans. A summary of principles adopted 
by a political party. 

What is a treaty? Ans. A formal agreement between nations. 
Name a treaty in which Roosevelt played a prominent part? Ans. 
Treaty of Portsmouth. 

5. Where was it signed? Ans. At Portsmouth, N. H. 

6. How many counties in Kentucky? Ans. 119. 

What counties touch your county? Answers will differ. 

7. Who is your Representative at the General Assembly? Ans. Answers 
will differ. 

8. Name your two United States Senators? Ans. Blackburn, McCreary. 

9. Describe the government of the District of Columbia? Ans. It was 
governed by Commissioners appointed by Congress until 1871, when it was 
placed under territorial government. In 1874 it was placed under Commis- 
sioners appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. 

10. Describe Territorial Government. Ans. Governor and Judges are 
appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate; also the United 
States attorneys and marshals. Lxjcal officers and members of the Territorial 
Legislature are elected by the people. 

What Territory applied for admission to the Union during the last 
session of Congress? Ans. Indian Territory and Oklahoma. These 
were admitted as one State; also. New Mexico and Arizona made 
application, but the admission was not completed during the last 
session of Congress. The question was referred back to the people 
of both Territories to be voted on by them. 
COxMPOSITION. 

1. What is composition? (b) Use all the marks of punctuation in sen- 
tences. Ans. Composition is the act of producing a literary work. 

(b) Comma: He has friends, home, and wealth. 

Semicolon: Reading niaketh a full man; conference, a ready 

man; writing, an exact man. 
Colon: He spoke as follows: Fellow citizens, I meet you today, 

etc. 
Period: Time is money. 
Interrogation jioint: Will you assist me? 
Exclamation point: How are the mighty fallen! 

2. Define: interrogation, simile, metonymy, diction. 

Interrogation is a ligure that expresses a strong aflfirmation, by put- 
ting it in the form of a question: Canst thou by searching find out God? 

A Simile is a figure that expresses a likeness of objects in all other 
respects unlike: He stood on the field like a stone wall. 

A Metonymy is a figure based upon some other relation than that of 
likeness, unlikeness or antithesis: The pen is mightier than the sword. 

Diction is an author's individual manner of expressing thought. 

3. Give six rules for Capitals. Ans. (1) All proper names and adjectives 



169 

are capitalized. (2) I and O are capitalized. (3) All appellations of the 
Deity are capitalized. (4) Every line in poetry begins with a capital. (5) 
The principal words in headings of chapters are capitalized. (6) Every 
direct quotation begins with a capital. 

4. Define: vowels, vowel soimds, elementary sounds, diphthong, trigraph 
and the power of a letter. Ans. A vowel is a letter representing a contin- 
uous sound. A vowel sound, or vocal, is a sound made by voice alone. Ele- 
mentary sounds are about forty in number and compose all the sounds of 
the language. A diphthong is the union of two vowels which both are 
sounded. A trigraph is a combination of three letters representing one 
sound. The power of a letter is the sound it h^as in the word. 

5. Give the meaning of each of these affixes: micro, per, ent, circum, 
anti. Ans. "Micro" means "small": microcosm; "per" means "through": 
perforate; "ent" means "one who": agent; "circum" means "around": cir- 
cumnavigate; "anti" means "against": antipathy. 

6. Analyze the following: phonograph, polygon, homicide. Ans. The 
first two are Greek, the last is Latin. Phonograph means "writer of sound." 
Polygon means "many angles." Homicide means 'man killer." 

7-10. Write a composition of at least twenty-five lines on "The Teacher's 
Influence." Ans. 

"The Teacher's Influence." 
When Longfello-,v, in his "Golden Legend," wrote: 
"No action, whether foul or fair. 

Is ever done^ but it leaves somewhere 

A record, written by fingers ghostly, 

As a blessing or a curse, and mostly 

In the greater weakness or greater strength 

Of the acts which follow it." 
he had perhaps in mind the influence that every teacher can exert 
upon her pupils either for good or for evil. Without doubt, no person in any 
vocation has greater responsibilities resting upon her than the teacher in 
our common schools. It is during the plastic period of youtli that the chil- 
dren are under the care of the teacher. It is then that character is shaped 
and habits are formed. To no other person, not excepting even the parents,, 
will pupils look more than to the teacher to give them proper directions and 
set the right kind of example. The result of the teacher's work, more thaa 
that of any one else, is not seen at once, but on the contrary, it may be 
years before the seed sown in times past will bring forth fruit. The work 
of the teacher is sure to be a blessing or a curse to the pupil in after years. 
Imparting knowledge, while very important in itself, is far less than build- 
ing of character. The teacher who, after faithful toiling in the schoolroom,^ 
has succeeded to be instrumental in making out of her pupils strong men 
and women, will, when life with all its toils is ended, be sure to hear the 
most welcome of all words: "Well done, thou good and faithful servant." 



170 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What is meant by Inflection? (b) Show all the inflections of the 
nouns: valley, sky, mi?lon, woman. Ans. Inflection means change of ending 
to show relation, (b) Valley, valley's, valleys, valleys'; sky, sky's, skies, 
skies'; melon, melon's, melons, melons'; woman, woman's, women, women's. 

2. Name 5 different inflections of nouns to denote the plural, denote and 
illustrate each. (1) Add "s" to the singular: book, books; boy, boys. (2) 
If last sound does not unite v/ith "s" add "es;" ax, axes; gas, gases. 3) 
Words ending in "y" preceded by a consonant, change "y" to "ies": daisy, 
daisies; story, stories. (4) Some words change vowel in the stem: mouse, 
mice; foot, feet. (5) Some words of foreign languages retain their original 
plurals: phenomenon, phenomena; stratum, strata; vertex, vertices. 

3. Illustrate three ways of denoting the feminine of words. (1) By a dif- 
ferent word: boy, girl; man, woman. (2) By a different ending: actor, 
actress; executor, executrix. (3) By prefixes or suffixes, manservant, maid- 
servant; landlord, landlady. 

4. What two personal pronouns have the same form in the objective case 
as in the nominative? Ans. "You" and "it." 

5. Define descriptive, definitive and numeral adjectives, and give ex- 
ample in sentences? Ans. Descriptive adjectives denote some quality of 
an object: A lame man passed on the street. Definitive adjectives merely 
point out: This man Is my brother. Numeral adjectives denote number: 
Seven soldiers were killed; the second book is interesting; I have a twofold 
purpose. 

6. What are Cardinals? Ordinals? What verbs have no passive voice? 
Ans. (a) Cardinals denote number, (b) Ordinals denote rank, (c) Intran- 
sitive verbs have no passive voice. 

7. Give the tense of each verb below, also number and person of subject? 
"Whom the Lord loveth, He chasteneth." "The figtree Thou cursedst Is 
dead." Ans. "Loveth," ind., pres., 3d, sing.; "chasteneth," ind., pres., 3d. 
sing.; "Lord" is sing., 3d pers.; "He" is 3d pers., sing.; "cursedst," ind., past.- 
2d, sing.; "is," ind., pres., 3d, sing.; "figtree," sing., 3d pers.; '^Thou," 2d 
pers., sing. 

8. State the difference between compound and complex sentences? Give 
examples of each? Ans. A compound sentence is composed of elements of 
equal rank: Man proposes, God disposes. A complex sentence has a clause 
as a principal element or as a modifier: The man who was sick has re- 
covered. 

9. Name the conjunctive pronouns? (b) Name the only one that is in- 
flected. Ans. (a) Who, which, what, that and sometimes "as." (b) Who. 

10. State rules for spelling applying to final "e." Ans. See spelling, page 
4. Monosyllables ending in consonants? Ans. See spelling, page 4. Suf- 
fixes of words ending in "y?" Ans. "Y" changes to "i" when suffix com- 
mences with any vowel except "i." Before "i," "y" is retained. Mark dia- 
critically: faucet, tympanum, contour, museum. Ans. See dictionary. 



171 

HISTORY. 

1. Who discovered the Mississippi? Ans. DeSoto. AVho discovered the 
Pacific Ocean? Ans. Balboa. Where did Sir Walter Raleigh plant a col- 
ony? Ans. Roanoke Island, N. C. Who was the first English child born in 
America? Ans. Virginia Dare. 

2. Who settled Maryland? Ans. The Catholics under Lord Baltimore. 
Who settled Rhode Island? Ans. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. 
Who settled Virginia? Ans. English cavaliers. Who settled Massachu- 
setts? Ans. Pilgrims and other Puritans. 

3. Who were the Acadians? Ans. French Catholics in Nova Scotia. WTio 
were the Pilgrims? Ans. Non-conformists or separatists from Church o£ 
England. Name the only State colonized without bloodshed? Ans. Penn- 
sylvania. What was William Penn's religion? Ans. He was a Friend, or 
Quaker. 

4. Which was the last of the thirteen colonies to become settled? Ans. 
Georgia. How many kinds of government did the colonies have? Ans. 
Three: charter, proprietary, royal. How many original colonies were there? 
Ans. There were thirteen Name those under royal charter and proprietary 
government? Ans. (a) Royal: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, 
New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, (b) Charter: Vir- 
ginia, Connecticut, Rhode Island, (c) Proprietary: Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
Delaware. 

5. Name three Intercolonial wars with the French? Ans. King William's, 
Queen Anne's, King George's. What great battle was fought between the 
French and British at Lake Champlain? Ans. The battle of Ticonderoga 
at Lake George, the head of Lake Champlain. Where are the Heights of 
Abraham? Ans. At Quebec. What great battle was fought there? Ans. 
The battle of Quebec on September 13, 1759. Name the French and English 
generals and give their dying words? Ans. The French commander was 
Montcalm. His dying words were: "So much the better; then I shall not 
live to see the surrender of Quebec." The English commander was Wolfe. 
His dying words were: "Then I die happy." 

6. Give three causes of the Revolutionary War and name three great 
battles? Ans. (a) Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Boston Port Bill, (b) Long 
Island, Saratoga, Yorktown. 

7. When and where was the Declaration of Independence signed? Ans. 
It was not signed, as usually supposed, on July 4, 1776. On that day it 
passed Congress and was proclaimed. On August 2, 1776, it was signed in 
Congress by 53 members then present. Subsequently Matthew Thornton, 
Elbridge Gerry and Thomas McKean affixed their signatures. It was signed 
at Philadelphia. 

8 Give causes of (a) Civil and (b) Spanish American Wars? Ans. (a) 
Slavery, (b) Inhuman treatment of the Cubans by the Spaniards. 

9. Name first, second, third capitals of the United States? Ans. Phila- 
delphia, New York, Washington, in the order named. 



172 

10. Name two Presidents born in Kentucky? (a) United States President 
Lincoln, (b) Confederate President Davis. 1 found since writing tlie above 
that D. R. Atchison was President on Sunday, March 4, 1849. Taylor was in- 
augurated on next day. Explain cause of Portsmouth treaty and its effect? 
Ans. President Roosevelt acted as intermediator between Japan and Russia. 
The effect was that friendly relations were restored and peace concluded 
between Russia and Japan. 

LITERATURE. 

1. What benefits are derived from reading aloud? How may the habit of 
reading aloud to children be abused? Ans. Much information and knowl- 
edge may be imparted and entertainment provided by reading aloud. It may 
be abused by reading aloud to children until they want to be read to, but do 
not like to read themselves. 

2. What value do you place upon memorizing selections of choice litera- 
ture? Ans. I place a very high value upon it, having practiced it for several 
years. The practice, if persistently carried out, will improve the language of 
the pupil by absorption, so to speak, and have great influence in building 
character. 

3. What was Milton's nationality? (b) Name two of his poems? Ans. 
(a) Milton was an Englishman, (b) "Paradise Lost," "Samson Agonistes." 

4. Name the greatest Italian writer of the seventeenth century? Ans. 
Galileo Galilei (1564-16"42). 

5. Who was Rousseau? Ans. He was a French author and philosopher 
who lived a short time before the revolution in France. 

6. Who was the wisest and greatest of the Chinese? Ans. Confucius. 

7. What is the difference between a Lyric and an Epic poem? Ans. A 
lyric poem was intended to be sung to the accompaniment of the lyre or any 
musical instrument. An epic poem celebrates the deeds of some great man 
or hero. 

8. Who was Socrates? What was his nationality? Ans. Socrates was a 
Greek philosopher. He lived at Athens during the greater part of the fifth 
century B. C. He died 399 B. C. 

9. Of what nationality was Robert Burns? Ans. He was Scotch. Name 
two of his poems. Ans. The Cotter's Saturday Night; To Mary in Heaven; 
Night and Mary. Name two of Longfellow's poems? Ans. Evangeline; 
Psalm of Life. Name two of Tennyson's poems? Ans. In Memorium, Enoch 
Arden. Name two American novelists? Ans. James F. Cooper, Nathaniel 
Hawthorne. 

10. Name two Kentucky autJiors? (b) Who wrote "The Bivouac of the 
Dead"? Ans. (a) Mrs. George M. Martin, James Lane Allen, Alice Hegan 
Rice, (-b) Theodore O'Hara. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 
1. (a) Give a list of the system of organs? (b) Make a list of circulatory 
organs? (c) Make list of respiratory organs. Ans. (a) Osseous, Circulatory, 



173 

Muscular, Respiratory, Secretory, Nervous, (b) Heart, arteries, veins, capil- 
laries, (c) Nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, lungs. 

2. In what canal is digestion performed? Ans. In the alimentary canal. 
Name the different parts of the canal? Ans. Mouth, aesophagus, stom- 
ach, intestines. 

Where is mastication performed? Ans. In the mouth. 

3. Name and locate the salivary glands? Ans. Parotid (near the ear), 
submaxillary (in the lower jaw), sublingual (under the tongue). 

What stomach fluid aids digestion? Ans. Gastric juice. 

Name and locate the second stomach. Ans. The duodenum, which 
is the first part of the intestines that food enters after leaving the 
stomach. 

What fluids are secreted in the intestines which acts upon fats and 
sugars? Ans. Bile, secreted by the liver, and pancreatic fluid (se- 
creted by pancreas). 

4. Give the composition of the bones. Ans. Bones are composed princi- 
pally of phosphate and carbonate of lime. They also contain animal matter. 

Locate: vertebrae. Ans. Between joints of the back bone. 

pelvis. Ans. Between the spinal column and the lower extremities. 

scalpula. Ans. Shoulder blade. 

humerus. Ans. Large bone of the upper arm. 

clavicle. Ans. Collar bone. 

carpus. Ans. Wrist. 

metacarpus. Ans. Bones of the hand. 

femur. Ans. Large bone of the leg. 

patella. Ans. Kneepan. 

hyoid. Ans. Under the tongue. 

5. Give use of sutures? Ans. They prevent jarring the brain. Perioste- 
um? protects the bones. Synovial membrane? lubricates joints. 

Name the different kinds of joints? Ans. Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, 
compound. 

6. Name two excretions of the skin? Ans. Oil and perspiration. 

What benefit are they to the system? Ans. Keep skin soft and regulate 

temperature. 
How does perspiration regulate temperature? Through the pores of 

the skin. 

7. Name the parts of the brain? Ans. Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla ob- 
longata. 

8. Diagram the heart? Ans. See any textbook on Physiology. 

Give the oomposition of the blood? Ans. Blood is composed of cor- 
puscles, red and white; and of plasma, composed of serum and 
fibrin. 

9. "^Tiich contains pure blood — veins or arteries? Ans. With the exception 
of the pulmonary artery, the arteries convey pure blood. All the veins, ex- 
cept the pulmonary, contain impure blood. 



174 

10. Name the special nerves of (a) seeing, (b) hearing, (c) smelling, (d) 
tasting, (e) Describe proper ventilation. Ans. (a) optic, (b) auditory, (c) 
olfactory, (d) gustatory, (e) When ventilation is of the proper kind, the air 
indoors is altogether or nearly as pure as out of doors. 

READING. 

1. How would you conduct a class of third grade in reading? Ans. My 
main efforts would be directed towards securing natural position of the body, 
clear enunciation, the expression of the thought in the composition, and, 
jnost of all, the enlargement of the pupils' vocabulary. 

2. Define: (a) enunciation, (b) pronunciation. Ans. (a) Enunciation con- 
sists in clearly uttering the sounds that compose the words, (b) Pronuncia- 
tion is the same as enunciation, and, besides, it refers to syllabication and ac- 
cent. 

3. What is silent reading? Oral reading? Show the difference and the 
peculiar advantages derived from each? Ans. Silent reading is the art of 
comprehending thoughts, feelings, and Imagery contained in written or 
printed composition. Oral reading is the art of comprehending and ex- 
pressing by the speaking tones of the voice thoughts, feelings, and imagery 
contained in written or printed composition. Silent reading is for the in- 
struction or amusement of ourselves. Oral reading is for the instruction or 
amusement of others. 

4. Name three pieces you think would be suitable as supplementary work 
for a class of fourth grade. Ans. Longfellow's "Evangeline," Dickens's "Old 
Curiosity Shop," Whittier's "Snow-Bound." 

5. Read the following: 

"So long the tryst between the Earth and Sky, 
Unanchored ships at willing anchor lie. 
For all things, great and small, enamored are 
Of quietness — the breezes rest afar, 
' And gadding insects, that delight to roam. 

Furl their bright sails, content to stay at home — 

Soon, Twilight wins all to her pensive mood — 

The stillness deepens in the lonely wood. 

As though Silence were dead, and her wan ghost 

Haunted the charmed spot she loved the most. 

But Memory wakes, for she can never die 

To breaking hearts, who list her furtive sigh. 

And she gives back to Thought the golden haze 

Of long departed, dear October days." 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: adjustable, siren, docile, italicized, achieve, nickel, palatable, 
perceiving, sherbet, sachet, primer, tormentor, premier, massage, occultism, 
saccharine, cellar, arraign, talisman, anemone, plausible, fuchsia, puerile, sir- 
loin, calendar. .. i.L-J 



175 

2. Use in sentences: 

less. Ans. The corporation earned less money than last year. 

fewer. Ans. There are fewer pupils in school than there were last week 

in. Ans. My brother is in the house. 

into. Ans. I am going into the house. 

farther. Ans. He could not travel farther. 

further. Ans. He said nothing further. 

divide among. Ans. You may divide these apples among the crowd. 

divide between. Ans. Divide these apples between you and me. 

ballet. Ans. This girl is a ballet dancer. 

ballad. Ans. A ballad is a musical composition to be sung. 

lie. Ans. Lie down and rest. 

lay. Ans. Lay the book on the table. 

divisor. The divisor in this problem is an odd number. 

deviser. My brother is a great deviser of ways to succeed. 

essay. Ans. This pupil has written a good essay. 

assay. Ans. We must assay this gold to test its purity. 

3. (a) Give rule for dropping final "e" in spelling, (b) for retaining final 
"e," (c) for doubling final letter. Ans. (a) final "e" is dropped when the word 
receives an increment commencing with a vowel, (b) final "e" is retained if, 
as told in (a), "c" or "g" come before "able" or "ous." (c) monosyllables or 
polysyllables accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, pre- 
ceded by a single vowel, double the last consonant upon taking a suffix com- 
mencing with a vowel. 

4. Mark diacritically: scare, coffee, chagrin, senate, flood, clematis, taunt, 
aesthetic, serene, unique, torpor, satire, aerial, truth, alpaca. Ans. Consult 
dictionary. 

5. Give two sounds of each of the vowels. Illustrate: (a) a, ale; a, care, 
(b) e, eve; e, end. (c) i, ice; i, ink. (d) o, motive; o, orb. (e), u, pure; u, 
study. (See dictionary for marks, etc.) 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Mention at least four proper incentives to study, (b) Four improper 
ones. Ans. (a) Desire for self-control, desire for future good, sense of honor, 
sense of right, sense of duty, (b) Prizes, medals, privileges, immunities. 

2. Deductive teaching is sometimes called analytic. Why? Ans. In anal- 
ysis we determine the relations of the whole to the parts. In deduction we 
derive special truths from general statements. 

3. Mention three results to be obtained by reviews, and state how often 
they should be held to secure each of these results. Ans. Reviews test thor- 
oug-hness, they fix what has been passed over, and show the teacher what 
part of the work demands attention more than ordinary. The frequency of 
the review depends largely upon local conditions, and no set rule can be 
given. f 

4. (a) What are the advantages of oral lessons in language work? Ans. 



176 

Oral lessons teach pupils to express their thoughts clearly, (b) What are 
the objections to lessons in false syntax? Ans. Pupils should not have incor- 
rect English placed before them. 

5. Mention two school studies that cultivate (a) perceptive faculties, (b) 
reason. Why? Ans. (a) Reading and drawing; also spelling, (b) Grammar, 
history, mathematics. 

6. What three conditions should determine length of time for a recitation? 
Ans. Importance of the subject, age of pupils, number in the class. 

7. What mental faculties are chiefly used in acquiring knowledge? Ans. 
Perception, memory, imagination, judgment. 

8. What are the purposes of school government? (b) Mention five good 
rules for securing good government. Ans. The purposes are to train pupils 
in habits of self-control and self-direction. Another purpose is to secure 
regularity, good order and application, (b) One single rule; I have invariably 
found to be more effective than a multiplicity of rules. This rule is: "Do 
right, because it is right." 

9. Name the advantages and disadvantages of concert reading, (b) The 
Individual method. Ans. (a) If there be any advantage in concert reading it 
must he that by it slow, diffident pupils are, as it were, dragged along. 
Whether this is or is not an advantage I can not tell, but certainly all else 
is disadvantage, (b) The individual method- has, as far as I am able to 
judge, no disadvantage. Reading is the principal means of gaining knowl- 
edge, and this knowledge must be acquired by each pupil for himself, not ia 
concert. 

10. What are the purposes of (a) recitations? (b) Examinations? Ans. 
(a) To find what the pupil knows and how he knows it; also, what a pupil 
does not know and why not. The recitation also correlates the parts of a 
subject; it also teaches the pupil original expression, (b) Examinations are 
sometimes, but not generally, used to determine whether the pupil is ready 
for the next step. It may also serve the pupil as a test of his own strength. 

WRITING. 

1. Describe the different movements employed in writing. Which do you 
regard as the best? Why? Ans. The different movements are: Whole arm,. 
Forearm and Finger movement. I regard the whole arm movement the best,, 
because it gives the pupils more control over the muscles. 

2. What is the unit for measuring the height and width of letters? Ans. 
The unit of height is the height of the letter "i." The unit of width is the 
space between the two straight marks in the letter "u."' 

3. How should the paper be placed on the desk while writing? Ans. It 
should be placed at right angles with the bottom of the desk, and a little' to 
the right of the middle of the body. 

4. Analyze the letters in the word "Satisfaction." 

The analysis is similar to that shown previously in the first reading 



177 

questions in this book. 

5. Write a letter ordering' a book, as a specimen of your penmansliip: 

Louisville, Ky., Sept. 25, 1906. 
American Book Company, Cincinnati, O.: 

Gentlemen: You will find inclosed one dollar for which you will please 
to send me, at your earliest convenience, one copy of White's School Manage- 
ment. Awaiting your reply, I am, yours very respectfully, 

K. VAN DER MAATEN. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define "Unit". Ans. A Unit is a single thing. 

"Integer." Ans. An Integer is a whole number. 
"Nunieration. " Ans. Numeration is the art of reading num- 
bers. 

2. (a) What is meant by the Arabic system? (b) How many figures are 
employed to express Arabic numbers? 

Ans. The Arabic system is the system in which the 'figures are used to 
express quantities, (b) Nine: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0, or 10 in all. 

3. What letters does the Roman system use to express numbers? 
Ans. I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. 

4. Express 1906 in Roman characters. Ans. MCMVI. 

5. Find the amount of one cent, fifty dollars, ! $50,000 and $50,000,000. 
Ans. $0.0l4-$50.00+$50,000.00+*50,000,000.0o=.|50, 050, 050.01. 

6. From the sum of four times three-fourths of a dollar, take one and 
one-half dollars. 

Ans. 4X$.75=$3.00; $3.00— $1.50=$1.50. 

7. (a) Write a whole number in the form of a fraction. 

6 

Ans. 6== — Ans. 

1 

(b) From the sum of Vs+Vo+ISM take the sum of %+li%o. 

Ans. lii+%+lSM=14^lio; %+imo=l^^A2o. 143-40— lsri2o=132%o Ans. 





15i's 




2I5 121 40 5 




: 


=15VsH 


= X X - =275. 


Simplify : 


21 i 




40 8 1 11 



Ans. 
40 8 1 11 

40 

314 of % 3 2 

Also =3i4X^:^X%X*^yi=372. Ans 

% 0f.l«i 

9, How many cubic inches in a bushel? Ans. 2150.4 
How many cubic inches in a gallon? Ans. 291. 

How find the circumferance of a circle when diameter is given? 
Ans. Multiply the diameter by 3.1416. 

10. How find the area of a triangle? Ans. If base and altitude are given, 
multiply the base by altitude and divide product by two. 

(bj If the three sides are given: From half the sum of the sides sub- 



1V8 

tract the three sides in succession . Multiply the half sum by the three re- 
tmainders, and extract the square root out of the continued product 
11. Find the interest of $375.15 for 2yr., 7mo., 15da., at 6';;, . 



Answer 



$375.15 
31.5 Ans.=$59 08612 or $59.09. 

.06 



12 

(b) Find square root of 11881=109. Ans. 
1 

1881 
209X9 1881 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name Governor of Kentucky. Ans. J. C. W. Beckham. 

Name Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky. Ans. W. P. Thorne. 

2. Name the President of the United States. Ans. Theodore Roosevelt. 
Name the Vice President. Ans. Charles Warren Fairbanks. 

3. What is the government of the United States? Ans. It is a Federal 
Republic. 

4. (a) What is the difference between a Monarchy and a Republic? (b) 
Which is the better form of government? Ans. (a) In a monarchy the chief 
ruler inherits his office; in a republic the chief executive is elected for a term 
of years, (b) It depends upon the intelligence of the people. For an intelli- 
gent people a republic is the best; for an ignorant people, a monarchy. 

5. Of what is the United States Congress composed? Give qualification 
of a Senator. Ans. Congress is composed of a Senate and a House of Repre- 
sentatives. A Senator must be 30 years old, 9 years a citizen of the United 
States, and at the time of an election be an inhabitant of the Stfete for which 
he is chosen. 

6. What is the lower House of Congress called? Ans. It is commonly 
called "the House." 

How many Representatives in Congress? Ans. The 59th Congress has 
386 Representatives and 4 delegates from the territories. Total, 390. 
The Senate has 90 Senators at present. 

7. Define reprieve. Ans. It is a suspension of punishment. 

Define pardon. Ans. Relief or setting free from punishment. 
Define commute. Ans. It is a change of sentence. 

8. How many members in the President's Cabinet? Ans. Nine. 

9. Name your two United States Senators. Ans. James B. McCreary, J. C. 
S. Blackburn. 

10. Name your State Senator. Ans. Answers will differ. 
10. Who will succeed Mr. Blackburn? Ans. T. H. Paynter. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define language. Ans. As generally used, it is expression of thought 
by means of words. 

2. Give three rules for spelling. Ans. (a) Words ending in "y" preceded 



179 

by a consonant change "y" to "i" upon taking a sufRx except when the suflBx 
begins with "i." (b) Witn the exception of clef, if, of, sol, monosyllabic 
words ending in "f" or "1" standing immediately after single vowels double 
the final "f" and "1." (c) A consonant after a diphthong is not doubled. 

3. Write a letter to Thomas Hunt, Louisville, Ky., applying for a clerk- 
ship. 

Lexington, Ky., Sept. 27, 1906. 
Thomas Hunt, Louisville, Ky.: 

In reply to your advertisement in this morning's paper for a clerk, I 
take the liberty to apply for the position. I inclose recommendation of present 
employer. I have had several years' experience. Kindly let me hear from 
you. Yours respectfully, WM. JONES. 

4. Use in sentences: (a) animosity. Ans. He displayed much animosity 
during the progress of the discussion, (b) inadequate. Ans. The supplies 
for the army are inadequate. 

5. (a) Callous. Ans. A blacksmith's hands are callous, (b) perceptible. 
Ans. The church tower was perceptible in the distance. 

6. Mark diacritically: incisory, solitaire, euchre, pedagogy. Ans. Consult 
Webster's Dictionary. 

7. Give quotation from two American poets. Ans. 

Life is a leaf of paper white. 
Whereon each one of us may write 
His word or two and then comes night. 

— Lowell. 
Dust thou art, to dust returnest. 
Was not written of the soul. 

— Longfellow. 

8. Give one quotation from Scotch poet. Ans. ] 

The rank is but the guinea's stamp; 
The man's the gowd for a' that. 

— Burns. 

9. Who wrote the "Bivouac of the Dead?" Ans. Theodore O'Hara. 
10. Read the following and give name of the author: 

"A smooth white mound the brushpile showed, 
A fenceless drift what once was road; 
The bridle post an old man sat 
With loose-flung coat and high cocked hat; 
The well curb had a Chinese roof. 
And even the long sweeps high aloof, 
In its slant splendor seemed to tell 
Of Pisa's leaning miracle." 

Ans. The selection is from "Snow-Bound," by J. G. Whittier. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the races of mankind and original home of each. Ans. Cau- 
casian — Western Asia and Europe; Mongolian — Eastern Asia; Malay — South- 
eastern Asia and Australia; Ethiopian — Africa; Indian — America. 

2. What circles cross South America? In what zones is South America? 



180 

Ans. 1. The Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn cross South America. 2. 
South America is in the Torrid and South Temperate zones. 

3. (a) ^Miat European nations have possession in South America? (b) 
Name them, (c) What countries are crossed by the equator? Ans. (a) 
English, Dutch, French, (b) British Guyana, Dutch Guyana, French Guyana, 
(c) Brazil, Colombia^ Ecuador. 

4. (a) Where is the volcano Cotopaxi? (b) Where is Lake Maracaibo? 
Ans. (a) In Ecuador, (b) In Northern Venezuela. 

5. Name the three largest rivers of South America. Ans. Orinoco, Ama- 
zon, Rio de la Plata, 

6. Name: (a) The largest northern branches of the Amazon, (b) South- 
ern? Ans. (a) Japura, Rio Negro, (b) Madeira, Tapajos, Hingii. 

7. (a) Which countries of South America have no sea coast? (b) Name 
the Andean countries. Ans. (a) Bolivia, Paraguay, (b) Chile, Peru, Ecua- 
dor, Colombia. 

8. Locate: (a) Rio de Janeiro, (b) Quito, (c) Santiago, (d) Buenos Ayres. 
Ans. (a) Capital of Brazil, in southeast part of Brazil, (b) Capital of Ecua- 
dor, the highest city on the globe; it is crossed by rho Equator, (c) Capital 
of Chile, (d) Capital of Argentine Republic. 

9. Locate: Llaros, Silvas, Pampas. Ans. The Llanos are the lowlands 
of the Orinoco. The Silvas are the lowlands of the Amazon. The Pampas 
are the lowlands of the Rio de la Plata. 

10. (a) Name the longest river in the world, (b) Which river holds the 
most water? (c) Where are the Falkland Islands? Ans. (a) The Missis- 
sippi River is the longest river in the world, (b) The Amazoiji River holds 
the most water, (c) The Falkland Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, near 
the southern extremity of South America. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Write sentences containing the following words: 

Sit. Ans. I sit on a bench. 
Sat. Ans. We sat down upon arrivmg home. 
Taken. Ans. We have taken several sleighrides. 
Done. Ans. He has done his task. 
Come. Ans. We have come to assist you. 
W^ent. Ans. My brother went to Chicago. 

2. Name 3 kind3 of adjectives. Give examples of each kind. 

Ans. (a) Descriptive. Several rich men live in Louisville. 

(b) Definitive. This book is very instructive. 

(c) Numeral. The convention lasts three days. 

3. (a) Define conjunctions, (b) Name 8 prepositions. Ans. (a) Conjunc- 
tions join words, phrases or clauses and sentences, (b) In, on, at, after, 
before, under, over, upon. 

4. How are adverbs divided? Ans. Adverbs of: time, place, degree, man- 
ner, cause, conjunctive adverbs. 



181 

5. How do regular verbs form their past indicative and perfect participles? 
Ans. By adding "d" or "ed" to the present. 

6. What are the principal parts of a verb? Ans. Present indicative, past 
indicative, perfect participle. 

7. Name the auxiliary verbs. Ans. Do, be, have, can, may, must, shall, will. 

8. How many tenses are there? (b) Give examples of present, past and 
future. Ans. There are six lenses: present, present perfect, past, past 
perfect, future, future perfect, (b) I go (present), I went (past), I shall 
go (future). 

9. Name two kinds of verbs. Ans. Transitive and intransitive. 

Name the parts of speech in: How long didst thou think that his 
silence was slumber? Ans. "How" is an adverb; "long" is an ad- 
verb; "didst think" is a verb; "thou" is a pronoun; "that" is a con- 
junction; "his" is a pronoun; "silence" is a noun; "was" is a verb; 
"slumber" is a noun. 
10. What do adverbs modify? Ans. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, 
other adverbs. 

HISTORY. 

1. Where was the first gun fired during the Civil War? Ans. At Ft. 
Sumter. What slave States did not secede during the Civil War? Ans. 
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware. 

2. Explain the Missouri compromise. Ans. In 1821 Missouri was ad- 
mitted as a slave State, but henceforth no more slave States could be ad- 
mitted North of 36 deg. 31 min. N. Latitude (the Southern boundary of 
Missouri). 

3. What Indian war cost the United Slates $30,000,000? The Seminole 
War, I think, 

4. To whom is United States indebted for the purchase of Alaska? Ans. 
To W. H. Seward, Secretary of State of President A. Johnson. 

5. How many mints in the United States? Where? Ans. There are four: 
Philadelphia, San Francisco, Denver, New Orleans. 

6. What is the oldest town in the United States? When settled? Ans. 
St. Augustine, Fla. Settled in 1565. 

7. Who gave Andrew Jackson the name of "Old Hickory"? Ans. The 
aame of "Old Hickory" was given in 1813 by Jackson's soldiers. 

8. What caused the War of 1812? Ans. Right of impressment. What 
caused the Mexican War? Ans. Dispute of boundary line between Mexico 
and Texas. What caused the Civil War? Ans. Slavery. 

9. When was Kentucky admitted as a State? Ans, June 1st, 17D2. What 
two Presidents were born in Kentucky? Ans. Abraham Lincoln, and D. "R. 
Atchison was President on Sunday, March 4, 1819. Taylor was inaugurated 
on March 5. 

10. Where did Lee surrender to Grant? Ans. At Appomattox Court House, 
Va. Name two battles fought in Kentucky during the Civil War. Ans. 
Perryville, Millspring. Explain the Portsmouth treaty. Ans. Through the 



182 

intervention of President Roosevelt, Peace Commissioners of Russia and 
Japan met at Portsmouth, N. H., and agreed upon a treaty of peace, thus 
putting an end to the war in the far East. 

PHV'SIOLOGY. 

1. Name and locate the different kinds of joints in the human body. Ans. 
1, Ball and socket, at shoulder and hips; 2, hinge, at elbow and knee; (c) 
compound, at the wrist. 

2. Locate: Hyoid bone. Ans. It is at the root of the tongue. 
Sutures. Ans. In the skull. 

Vertebrae. Ans. They are the divisions of the backbone. 

3. (a) Give the number of ribs, (b) How do they benefit the body? Ans. 
(a) There are 24 ribs, (b) They protect the delicate organs in the chest 
and also give shape to the body. 

4. Why are bones hollow? Give composition of the bones. Ans. The 
hollow cylinder gives the greatest strength for the amount of bony matter 
contained in the bones. It also promotes lightness, (b) Bones are com- 
posed of animal and of mineral matter. 

5. Locate: Scapula. Ans. It is the shoulder blade. 
Clavicle. Ans. It is the collar bone. 
Sternum. Ans. It is the breast bone. 

6. Name the fluids which help to perform digestion. Ans. Saliva, gastric 
juice, bile, pancreatic fluid, intestinal fluid. 

7. Name the outer ear. Give use of the tympanum. Ans. The outer 
ear is composed of the pinna and the external auditory canal, (b) The 
tympanum, ar middle ear, conveys sound to the inner ear. 

8. (a) Locate the eustachian tube, Ans. It connects pharynx and mid- 
dle ear. (b) What is the most important part of the ear? Ans. The inner 
ear. 

9. (a) How do arteries act when cut? Ans. Blood comes out in jets, (b) 
Describe the corpuscles. Ans. Both white and red corpuscles are exceed- 
ingly small: red about 1-3500 inch, and white about 1-3000 inch in diameter. 
They aid in coagulation of the blood. 

10. Give hygiene of circulation. Ans. Blood is purified in the lungs. It 
is purified by the air we breathe, hence it follows that we must have plenty 
of fresh air in order to have pure blood. If the ventilation of the houses be 
looked after, it will also result in great benefit to the circulation of the blood. 

READING. 

1. Read a selection. 

2. What is the aim of the selection? 

3. How would you present it to your class? Ans. The answers in 2 and 3 
would depend entirely upon the selection made by the examiner. 

4. Why is reading important? Ans. It lies at the foundation of almost 
all the knowledge which we acquire through life. 

5. Write 200 words on how to teach the reading lesson. Ans. The object 



183 

of teaching reading in ttie primary grades is to substitute the printed word 
for the spoken sounds. In the Intermediate grades the purpose is to enlarge 
the pupils' vocabulary. In the advanced grades teaching reading consists 
in thought analysis. It is not desired to convey the idea that thought is 
not to be taken into consideration before reaching the advanced grades. 
On the contrary, from the very first thought in the composition is the objec- 
tive point, but in the advanced grades the work in this direction is more 
systematic. In addition, feelings and emotions must also receive due atten- 
tion. To make good readers of our pupils they must see the thoughC clearly, 
feel the emotions, perceive the imagery and be able to express in such a 
way that the hearer shall see, feel, and perceive in the same manner as the 
reader. To be sure, teaching of this kmd requires time, but it is time well 
spent, for no greater praise can be given any teacher than that she has made 
her pupils good readers. 

SPELLING. 

1. Give your method of teaching spelling in the different grades. Ans. 
While I devote some attention to oral spelling, in the main I teach written 
spelling. In 1st, 2d and first half of 3d grade I spell words' from the reader. 
After the first half of the 3d grade I use the spelling book. 

2. How is the proper pronunciation of words determined? (b) Indicate 
all the vowel sounds. Ans. (a) The proper pronunciation of words is deter- 
mined by the dictionary. 

3. Indicate the proper pronunciation of: pretty, bellows, museum, sacri- 
fice, finance, javelin, disputant, precedence, cognomen, mausoleum. Ans. 
Consult dictionary. 

4. Define: Elixir — compound tincture or medicine; prophesy — to foretell; 
invidious — envious, hateful; ferreous — like iron; sanguine — red like blood, 
hopeful; aqueous — like water; vitreous — like glass; stellate — star-shaped; 
intricate— involved, entangled; deleterious — harmful. 

5. Spell the following: Hibernal, vaccine, reindeer, rhinoceros, jaguar, 
recipient, guttural, chamois, ofl&cious, pylorus, epilepsy, measles, pleurisy, 
delirium, bilious, strychnine, secrecy, collectible, acreage, resuscitate. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What are the advantages of requiring pupils to memorize exactly classic 
expressions of master thinkers? Ans. In addition to being an exercise to 
strengthen the memory, it also, teaches the use of good English, but, most 
of all, in course of time these master thoughts will be assimilated and be- 
come the pupils' own. 

2. Show how the study of American history promotes true patriotism. 
Ans. The biography of our great men will have an influence upon the student 
of history to desire him to become as useful to his country as lies within 
his power. 

3. State the two most .important objects to be kept in view in teaching 
grammar. Ans. Acquisition of the habit to write correct sentences, and 



184 

ability to interpret the sentences of others. 

4.,Distingiiish between school economy, school government, school disci- 
pline. Ans. School economy refers to the internal arrangement of all school 
work. School management refers to the carrying out the economy, and 
school discipline refers to rules and regulations for successful management. 

5. Define: Percept, concept. Ans. A percept is the immediate knowledge 
gained from our sense acting alone. A concept is a general notion or idea. 

6. Why should primary work be principally objective? Ans. Because in 
little children the perceptive faculties arc most active. 

7. What powers of mind are most active in childhood? What in later 
life? Ans. (a) Perceptive faculties and memory, (b) Reflective, imagina- 
tion, reason. 

8. How would you secure prompt attendance? What do you consider 
proper punishment for tardiness? Ans. (a) By making the opening exer- 
cises interesting, (b) Unexcused tardiness should be made up either at 
recess or after school. 

9. Write a short essay on "School Punishments." Discuss objects, prin- 
ciples regulating it, and proper and improper punishments. Ans. The object 
of punishment is the reformation of the wrong deer, and to avoid repetition 
of the offense. Cruelty or revenge is always out of place. The punishment 
should be natural, f. i. if a boy abuses his knife, let him temporarily forfeit 
the knife. If he is unruly at recess, give him recess later by himself. Cor- 
poral punishment is fast losing ground and, with perhaps very rare ex- 
ceptions, should not be administered. However, insubordination, mutiny, 
etc., may in some cases demand quick action and justify corporal punish- 
ment. Tact on the part of the teacher will make punishment to a very great 
extent entirely unnecessary. 

10. What are the conditions of successful teaching as regards the teacher? 
Ans. Scholarship, skill, heart power, will power, good eyes and ears, com- 
mon sense, moral character. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1. What will be the cost of papering the walls of a room 18ft. 6in. long; 
16ft. 9in. wide; and 10 feet high with paper 18 in. wide and 8 yds in a roll at 
75c a roll, if 22 sq. yards be deducted for doors, windows and baseboard? 
Ans. 2X18i ft. =37ft. 70^X10=705 sq. ft. in walls. 

2X161 ft. =33^ft. 198 sq. ft. deducted. 



70^ft. Perimeter. 507 sq. ft. to be papered. 

507 

Xi=14M. or 15 rolls and $.75X1 5^$ 11. 25 Ans. 

9 
2. How many acres in a field 15 ch. long and 8ch. 40 1. wide? 

^^ 1.2 

15X8 4 

Ans. =12 6 Acres. Ans. 

10 



185 

3. How many perches of rough stone in a wall 36 rds. long, 2^ ft. thick 
and ft. high? 

Ans. 1 perch — 24| cu. ft. 

36Xl6iX2^X5 36X33X5X-^X4 

— =300 perch. Ans. 

241 2X2X99 

4. What is the capacity in barrels of a round cistern i ft. in diameter 
and 10 ft. deep? 

Ans. I suppose cylindrical cistern is meant. 

16X7854X10X1728X2 

=29.85+ or 30 barrels nearly. Ans. 

231X63 

5 . The number of deaths in a certain city in 1879 was 1959, which was 
equal to 31 per cent of the population. What was the population? 

Ans. 1950^.0325=60,000. Ans. 

6. An article that cost nothing was sold for $5.00. What was the gainf/^ ? 
Ans. Since cost is nothing, no gain can be computed. The per cent gain 

is infinitely large. 

7. A commission merchant sold 540 barrels of flour at ^6.37| a barrel. 
"What was his commission at 3 per cent. 

Ans. $6 375X540 =$3, 442 50. 3% of this = $103,275. Ans. 

8. A man bought 75 shares of U R. stock at 7 J per cent discount. How 
much did they cost? 

Ans. $92.50X75=6937 50. Ans. 

9. What is the true discount of $1250 due in 1 yr. : 7 mo., 21 days without 
interest, current rate being 7 per cent. 

Ans. Interest on $1 for lyr., 7 mo., 21 days at 79'f =$ 114^1/12. Amt. = 
$1.114iiio. $l,250^n.ll4"ii.=$112i.09. Hence disc. =$1,250— $1121.09= 

$128.91. Ans. 

10. What is the surf .-ice of a sphere 15 in. in diameter. 
Ans. 15-/ 3 1416=225X3.1416=706.86 sq. in. Ans. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (1) What is meant by "poll tax"? (2) What are licenses? Ans. (1) A . 
poll tax is a tax on the head (poll) of all male persons over 21 years old. 
(2) Licenses are formal permissions from the proper authorities to carry ou 
certain business, which otherwise would be Illegal or prohibited. 

2. (1) What is a will? (2) An administrator? Ans. (1) A will is the 
legal declaration of a person's mind as to the manner in which he would have 
his property or estate disposed of after his death. 

3. What is a breach of the peace? Ans. By a breach of the peace we 
mean disorderly conduct, or a disturbance of the public peace. 

4. (1) How are new States admitted into the Union? (2) Name the State 
that asked for admission at the last session of Congress? Ans. (1) New 
States are admitted by Congress. See Art. IV., Sec. 3, Const, of U. S. (2) 
Indian Territory and Oklahoma were admitted and the admission of New 
Mexico and Arizona was referred back to the people in those territories. 



186 

5. (1) WTiat is the "Constitution"? (2) How many amendments has the 
United States Constitution? Ans. (1) It is the fundamental law of the land. 
(2) There are fifteen amendments. 

6. (1) What is the legislative or law-making power of your State called? 
(2) How many Senators in the State legislature? (3) How many Representa- 
tives? Ans. (1) It is called the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of 
Kentucky. (2) Thirty-eight. (3) One hundred. 

7. (1) Who is the Chief Executive of the United States? (2) Of Kentucky? 
Ans. (1) President Theodore Roosevelt. (2) Governor J. C. W. Beckham. 

8. How do foreigners become naturalized? Ans. After they have been not 
less than three years in the United States they declare their intention of 
becoming an American citizen, and two years later they are naturalized in 
open court. 

9. What is meant by "suffrage"? Ans. By suffrage is meant the right 
to vote. 

10. Give preamble to Constitution of Kentucky. Ans. We, the people of 
the Commonwealth of Kentucky, grateful to Almighty God for the civil, 
political, and religious liberties we enjoy, and invoking the continuance of 
these blessings, do establish and ordain this constitution. 

COMPOSITION. 

i. (1) Name the vowels. (2) Name the consonants. Ans. (1) a, e, i, o, u, 
and sometimes y and w. (2) b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, «, 
and sometimes w and y. 

2. Give an example of: 

(a) monosyllable. Illustration: man. 

(b) dissyllable. Illustration: woman. 

(c) trisyllable. Illustration: consonant. 

(d) polysyllable. Illustration: municipality. 

3. (1) Write three words with prefixes. (2) Write three words with suf- 
fixes. Ans. (1) Postpone, predestine, circumvent. (2). Economist, childhood, 
lambkin. 

4. Name five parts of a letter. Ans. Date, Salutation, Introduction, Body 
of Letter, Complimentary, Close and Subscription. 

5. Give two rules for spelling. Ans. (1) Final silent "e" is dropped before 
a suffix commencing with a vowel, except when "g" or "c" would come before 
"able'* or "ous." (2) Words ending in "y" preceded by a consonant, change 
"y" to "i" before a suffix commencing with any other vowel than "i." 

6. Use in sentences: condemn, peer, pier, coincide, pugnacious. Ans. 

(1) We condemn in others what we sometimes commend in ourselves. 

(2) This nobleman is a peer of the realm. 

(3) 'ihe steamer arrived at its pier. 

(4) Certain dates in history coincide. 

(5) This man is very troublesome and pugnacious. 



187 

7. Mark diacrftically: gamut, tambourine, digest. Ans. Consult the dic- 
tionary. 

8. (1) Name two English authors. (2) Name two American authors. 
Ans. (1) Scott, Dickens. (2) Bryant, Irving. 

9. Give a quotation from: (1) Lcngfellcw, (2) Whittier, (3) WhitcomD 
Riley. Ans. 

(1) Into each life seme rain must fall, 
Some days must be dark and dreary. 

(2) For of all sad words of tongue or pen, 

The saddest are these: "It might have been"! 

(3) Home-folks! Well, that-air name, to me, 
Sounds jis the sam.e as poetry — 

That is, ef poetry is jis 
As sweet as I've hearn tell it is! 
10. Read, and give the name of the author: 

"But when June comes — Clear my throat 
With wild honey! 'Rench my hair 
In the dew! and hold my coat! 
Whoop out loud and throw my hat! 
June wants me and I'm to spare! 
Spread them shadders anywhere, 
I'll git down and waller there, 
And obleeged to you at that!" 
Ans. It sounds like James Whitconrb Riley, but I am not certain. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (1) What causes tides? (2) Name two kinds of tides. Ans. (1) Tides 
are caused by the attraction of the sun and of the moon. (2) Neap tides are 
low tides, and spring tides are high tides. 

2. (1) Name two kinds of stationary animal life found in the sea. (2) What 
two motions has the sun? Ans. (1) Animalcules that build the coral reefs 
and polyps. (2) The sun rotates on its axis and moves through space together 
with the entire solar system in the direction of the constellation Hercules. 

3. (1) How do zones and heat belts differ? (2) Where is the Desert of 
Sahara? Ans. (1) Zones are belts bounded by parallels; they are mathe- 
matical lines. Heat belts are determined by actual average annual tempera- 
ture. (2) The Desert of Sahara is in the northern part of Africa. 

4. Locate: (1) Cape Farewell. (2) Cape Sable. (3) Cape Hatteras. (4) 
Cape San Lucas. Ans. (1) At the southern extremity of Greenland. (2) At 
southern end of both Nova Scotia and of Florida. (3) Off coast of North 
Carolina. (4) At southern extrem.ity cf the peninsula of Lower California. 

5. V/here is (1) Mt. Washington? (2) Mt. Orizaba? (3) Mt. St. Ellas? 
(4) What and where is the highest mountain peak of North America? Ans. 
(1) In White Mountains in New Hampshire. (2) In the Andes in South 
America. (3) Mt. St. Ellas, in Alaska. (4) Mt. McKinley, in Alaska. 



188 

6. (1) What large river in Alasixa? (2) Where does the Mackenzie empty? 
(3) W'hat river drains the Great Lakes? (4) Name two canals in New York 
State? Ans. (1) The Yukon River. (2) In the Arctic Ocean? (3) The St. 
Lawrence River. (4) The Erie canal. 

7. Describe the Basins of the Colorado and Columbia rivers. Ans. Both 
the Colorado and the Columbia rivers drain the western portion of the United 
States. This section is mountainous, rich in mineral deposits, but not adapted 
to agriculture without irrigation. The scenery along the river banks is very 
beautiful. 

8. (1) Name the Pacific States. (2) Name the Gulf States. Ans. (1) Cali- 
fornia, Oregon, Washington. (2) Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
and Texas. 

9. (1) Name two peninsulas on the Atlantic Coast. (2) Name peninsulas 
east and west of Mexico. Ans. (1) Labrador and Florida. (2) Yucatan and 
Lower California. 

10. (1) WTiat method is proposed to connect North America and Asia by 
rail? (2) What method is proposed to connect tlie Atlantic and the Pacific 
Oceans by water? Ans. (1) It is proposed to construct a tunnel under 
Behring Strait. (2) By means of the Panama Canal, now under construction. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. (1) Name the five senses. (2) What is language? Ans. (1) The five 
senses are: Sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. (2) Language in its 
broadest sense is any means of communicating ideas. In its more limited 
application it is the expression of ideas by the voice. 

2. Define proposition and preposition. Ans. A proposition is a thought 
expressed in words. A preposition is a word showing the relation of a noun 
or pronoun to some other word. 

3. Name the four different kinds of sentences and give an example of 
each. 

Ans. (1) Declarative. .Illustration: My brother is a merchant. 

(2) Imperative. Illustration: John, please to shut the door. 

(3) Interrogative. Illustration: Did you go to town yesterday? 

(4) Exclamatory. Illustration. Hovr- have the mighty fallen! 

4. Write a sentence containing common and proper nouns of singular and 
plural number. Ans. Mark Antony, a friend of Caesar, made a speech, com- 
mencing: "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"! 

5. Give the equivalents to the following abbreviations: A. D., in the year 
of our Lord; C. O. D., Collect on Delivery; Admr., Administrator; M., noon; 
Ult., last month; P. S., Post Scriptum; Prox., next month. 

6. Name the articles. WTiat is a participle? Ans. The indefinite article 
is: "a" or "an." The definite article is "the." A participle is a word derived 
from a verb and partaking of the nature of both a verb and an adjective. 

7. (1) Name five possessive pronouns. (2) Name some personal pronouns. 



189 

Ans. (1) Mine, thine, ours, yours, llieirs. (2) I, thou, he, she, it, we, you, 
they, and the declined forms of each of them. 

8. Name the relative pronouns. Ans. Who, which, that, as, what, whoever, 
whatever, whosoever, whatsoever. 

9. Diagram the following: The criminal pleaded his innocence and the 
jury declared him not guilty. 

( criminal | The 
Ans. < 

( pleaded | innocence | his 

and 
\ jury I the 
] i him 

( declared ■ 

f guilty I not 
10. Give four rules of syntax. Ans. (1) The subject of a proposition is In 
the nominative case. (2) The predicate of a proposition is in the nominative 
case. (3) The object of a transitive verb in the active voice is in the 
objective case. (4) The object of a preposition is in the objective case. 

HISTORY. 

1. (1) How many counties in Kentucky? (2) How many States in the 
Union? Ans. (1) There are 119 counties in Kentucky. (2) Since July 4th 
there have been 46 States. 

2. (1) m what year did La Salle visit Kentucky? (2) In what year did 
Daniel Boone come to Kentucky? (3) Where is he buried? Ans. (1) In 1780. 

(2) In 17G7, with Finley. C3) At Frankfort. 

3. (1) Name the first and last Governor of Kentucky. (2) Name the first 
and last President of the United States. Ans. (1) Isaac Shelby and J. C. W. 
Beckham. (2) George Washington and Theodore Roosevelt. 

4. (1) Name three Presidents who were assassinated. (2) Who shot 
Lincoln? (3) Where was McKinley killed? Ans. (I) Lincoln, Garfield, 
McKinley. (2) Wilkes Booth. (3) At Buffalo, N. Y. 

5. (1) Who made the Louisiana Purchase? (2) What price was paid for it? 

(3) From whom was Alaska purchased? (4) What price was paid for it? 
Ans. (1) Thomas Jefferson, through Livingston and Monroe. (2) $15,000,000. 
(3) From Russia. (4) $7,200,000. 

6. (1) In what year was the "Emancipation Proclamation" issued? 
(2) What was meant by "secession"? Ans. (1) It was written September 20, 
1862, to take effect on January 1, 1863. (2) By secession was meant with- 
drav.al of States from the Union. 

7. (1) What caused the Revolutionary War? (2) What caused the Civil 
War? Ans. (1) Taxation without representation. (2) Slavery. 

8. (1) To what political party did Henry Clay belong? (2) What important 
part did he take in the building of the Union? (3) What important part did 
Roosevelt play in the Russian-Japanese war? Ans. (1) He was a Whig. 
(2) He was the great compromiser on three separate occasions: 1821, 1830, 



190 

1850. (3) He was the great peacemaker. 

9. Name the territory gained by the United States in the Spanish-American 
war. Ans. Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands, Tutuila, Guam. 

10. (1) Name four inventions of this age. (2) What will be the next great 
invention perfected? Ans. (1) Phonograph, computing machines, electric 
light, wireless telegraphy. (2) The airship. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. (1) What is meant by the osseous system? (2) What is the 'use of the 
skeleton? Ans. (1) By osseous system we mean the bones of the body. 
(2) The uses of the skeleton are: 1st, it serves as framework; 2d, it gives 
shape to the body; 3d, it serves for attachment of muscles. 

2. (1) Locate the "biceps." (2) How many bones are there in the human 
body? Ans. (1) It is the large muscle of the forearm. (2) There are 206 
or 208 bones in the body, depending on whether three or four bones are 
counted in the ear. 

3. (1) How many teeth in the temporary set? (2) How many in the 
permanent set? Ans. (1) Twenty. (2) Thirty-two. 

4. (1) Name the two skins. (2) Name the excretions of the skin. Ans. 
(1) Cuticle and cutis. (2) Perspiration, oil, and impurities. 

5. What is the hardest substance of the human body, and where is it 
located? Ans. 'Dentine, composed of 97 per cent, mineral matter, is the hard- 
est substance. It is the principal substance of which teeth are composed. 

6. (1) What is food? (2) "Wliere is digestion performed? Ans. (1) Any 
substance that nourishes or builds up the body is food. (2) Digestion is per- 
formed in the alimentary canal. 

7. Name the organs of respiration. Ans. Nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, 
bronchial tubes, lungs. 

8. (1) Name the organs of circulation. (2) Which contain pure blood — 
arteries or veins? Ans. (1) Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries. (2) With the 
exception of the pulmonary artery, the arteries carry pure blood. 

9. What are narcotics? Name two. Ans. Narcotics are drugs which in 
small doses tend to relieve pain and produce sleep, but in large doses cause 
coma, convulsions, or death. Opium and belladonna are narcotics. 

10. (I) Describe proper ventilation. (2) How would you treat a burn? 
Ans. (1) Proper ventilation exists if the air in the house is as pure as the 
outdoor air. This is well-nigh impossible to attain. In ventilation there 
must be an outlet for foul air and an inlet for fresh air. 

READING. 

"This, too, thou knowest that while I still bear on 
The conquering Tartar ensigns through the world, 
And beat the Persians baclv on every field, 
I seek one man. ?nd one alone — 
Rustum, my father, who I hoped should greet. 
Should one day greet, upon some well-fought field. 
Hi? not unwnrCiiy. not inglorious son. 
So I hoped, but him I never find." 



191 

1. What quality of voice is best suited for this selection? Why? Ans. The 
quality, or kind of voice, best suited for this selection is, according to my 
judgment, the orotund or probably the pectoral, because the selection is 
indicative of sorrow, while at the same time it expresses ennobling sentiment. 

2. Write the words or phrases that seem to require the greatest emphasis. 
Ans. The following words and phrases are emphatic: This, knowest, still, 
Tartar ensigns, beat, Persians, one, alone, Rustum, father, greet, son, hoped, 
him, never, find. 

3. Mark the rhetorical pauses in the selection, Ans. After the words: 
knowest, world, field, man, alone, Rustum, father, greet, field, son, hoped, him 

4. What mental condition is shown in the poem? Ans. The poem indicates 
sorrow, anxiety, filial love. 

5. Mark the accent in the following: exquisite, annul, illustrate, annals, 
telegraphy, Ans. Consult the dictionary. 

SPELLING. 

1. (a) How many sounds has the letter "a"? (b) Illustrate and mark 
each diacritically. Ans. (a) The letter "a' has seven sounds, (b) a, as 
in fate; a, as in fat; a, as in far; a, as in idea; a, as in fare; a, as in fall; 
a, as in was. For marks, consult your dictionary, 

2. Define: (1) accent, (2) primary accent, (3) secondary accent, (4) syl- 
lable, (5) dieresis. Ans. (1) Accent is stress placed upon the syllables of 
words; (2) primary accent is the principal accent; (3) secondary accent is 
a partial or slight accent; (4) a syllable is a letter or a combination of let- 
ters uttered with a single impulse of the voice; (5) a dieresis is a mark (") 
placed over the first oT two successive vowels to indicate that they belong 
to different syllables. 

3. State and illustrate the rules for doubling the final consonant of words 
receiving a suffix commencing with a vowel. Ans. Monosyllables and words 
of more than one syllable accented on the last syllable, ending in a single 
consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the last consonant on taking 
a suffix commencing with a vowel. Illustration: Split, splitting; concur, 
concurred. 

4. Define: Cymbal, symbol; deviser, devisor, divisor; fane, fain, fetgn; 
eulogium; recipient. Ans. Cymbal, a musical instrument; symbol, a repre- 
sentation of an idea; deviser, one who devises; devisor, same as deviser, 
but more particularly used as correlative to devisee; divisor, one of the 
terms used in division; fane, a sanctuary; fain, gladly; feign to pretend; 
eulogium, a formal writing in commendation of the character and services 
of a person; recipient, one who receives. 

5. Spell: Diurnal, ebuITition, felicity, hyperbole, impromptu, lineage, non- 
pareil, omniscient, palliate, quiescent, raillery, sinuous, surveillance, tenable, 
tympanum, utilitarians, vacillate, vignette, virulent, Babylon. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
1. Show how the religious ideas affected education among (a) the Jews? 



192 

(b) The Monks? (c) The early Christians? Ans. (a) Among the Jews the 
priests, or Levites, were the only teachers. From this it follows that since 
these teachers were also preachers that their teaching was highly colored 
with their religious ideas, (b) During the middle ages and even later the 
Monks were the only educated class, hence the only class qualified to teach. 
Their religious ideas largely influenced the character of their teaching, (c) 
Among the early Christians religious subjects were the only subjects dis- 
cussed among the people and consequently teaching, being done by the 
clergy who were the only class of educated people, was of necessity also of 
a religious character. 

2. "Aristole stands for the highest intellectual summit of antiquity." 
Show why the foregoing statement may be considered true. Ans. The logic 
and philosophy of Aristotle was the philosophy of the civilized world until 
the time of Bacon; in fact, it was the only philosophy at the time, and he 
occupied a plane wholly his own and no one even could rival him in pop- 
ularity. 

3. Name two educational works of Comenirs and explain their pedagogic 
value. Ans. Comenius's "Great Didactic" outlines a system of schools which 
is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, 
elementary school, secondary school, college and university. In his "Orbis 
Sensualium Pictus" he furnishes the first successful application of IHustra- 
tions to the work of teaching but not the first illustrated book for children. 

4. Describe Pestalczzi's experiments with poor children and show how 
these experiments affected his later work. Ans. Pestalozzi (1746-1827) bought 
in 1767 one hundred acres of land for his own home. Here, in 1775, he 
housed, boarded and clothed a number of children for such returns in work 
as thev could give. He also was their teacher and aimed to establish an 
institution of industrial training for the young. Although this was to some 
extent a failure, yet to his efforts is due the great attention given to the 
study of method, both practical and theoretical, from that day to this. 

5. Name three prominent living educators and make a brief statement of 
educational interest in regard to each. Ans. (1) W. T. Harris was for a 
long time Commissioner of Education at Washington, D. C. Much does the 
common school owe to hU efforts. He resigned a few weeks ago. (2) Presi- 
dent Elliott and (3) Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, the first of Harvard, and 
the second of Columbia University, have held the colleges of America in the 
front rank of colleges of all nations. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Find the entire surface of a cylinder 40 inches high and 20 inches in 
diameter. 

Ans. 20-X .7854X2=628.32 surface of both ends in sq. in. 

20X3.1416x40=2513.28 surface of concave parts in sq. in 

3141.60 sq. in. Ans. 

2. % of A's money equals 2 of B's. Together they have 11,700. What 



193 

has each? 

Ans. % of A's money equals •''4 of B's; Is of A=% of B; A=% of B. 

% of B+% of B-$l,700; i"/s of B=Jl,700; Vs of B-=$100. B=^ 
and A=$900. Ans. 

3. U hat must I ask for a piano that cost $600 that I may abate 20 per 
cent of my asking price and still make 20 per cent? 

Ans. $600=cost; 20'/; of $600=$120, profit, and $720=selling price. 
Now, $700=80% of the asking price; hence asking price must be $900. Ans. 

4. A can do a piece of work in 12 days; B can do it in 8 days. How long 
will it take both to complete the work after A has worked 3 days? 

Ans. A can do the work in 12 days, in 3 days he can do i of it, leaving | 
to be done by- both. In one day both do H2+7S=°k of the work, and they will 
require |^%4=f X^H=3% days. Ans. 

5. Paris is 2c 30' East. San Francisco is 122° 20' 30" west. When it is 
12:45 a. m., at Paris, what is the time at San Francisco? 

Ans. 2c 30' 

1220 20' 30" 



124° 50' 30" is the difference in Longitude. 
124° 50' 30" 



=8hrs., 19mi., 22sec., diff. in time. 



15 

12hr. 45mi. 
8hr. 29mi. 22sec. 

3hr. 25mi. 38sec p. m. of the day before. Ans. 

6. Interest equals $75; time equals lyr., 3mo., 15da. ; principal equals 
$1,200. Find the rate. 

Ans. ($1200X.lo5)-^12=$15.50 interest at I9; ; $75^$l5.50=42%i9;. Ans. 

7. A person sold a- rug for 98% of its value, losing $2.50. What would 
have been h's rate of gain had he sold the rug for $150. 

Ans. $2.50=29; of cost; $1.25=1% of of cost, and $125=cost. Selling at 
$150, the profit would be $25, which is V:, or 20% of $125. Therefore, the gain 
would be 20% . Ans. 

8. A note of $1200 dated Jan. 15, 1903, due in 90 days was discounted Feb. 
25, 1906 at 8% . Find the proceeds. 

Ans. I suppose 1906 is a misprint for 1903. If not, the bank would not 
discount it. I solve it considering it a misprint. 
Time to run 52 days | $1200 $1200 

12 I .OI7I/8 13.87 

I 8 

$1186.13 Proceeds. Ans. 



13.87 

9. Discu.ss fully dividing a fraction by a fraction. 

Ans. Let it be asked to divide i by •'■r.. Reducing both to the same de- 
nomination we have ■'*iO'^"i(i. The quotient of these last fractions having the 
same denominator is %. This is readily obtained by multiplying dividend by 



194 

inverted divisor. 

10. A commission mei'chant sold cotton for $2000, commission 3'/i . He in- 
vested the proceeds in flour, commission 2/ . Find value.of flour bought. 

Ans. $2,000 less Z<lr. of $2,000 or $60-=$1940. 
$1940^1.02=$1901.96. Ans. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a letter to a friend to thank him for a book which he has loaned 
you. Mention the book &nd tell him your opinion of it. 

Ans. Louisville, Ky., July 18, 190C. 

H. G. Gaddie, Hodgenville, Ky. 

Dear Friend: I return to you with many sincere thanks the book Dickens' 
"Old Curiosity Shop," which you were kind enough to loan me some time ago. 
I like it very much, especially the description of the death of "Little Nell" 
is very pathetic. At any time I can be of service to you, command me. I am 

Yours very truly, 

K. VAN DER MAATEN. 

2. What should be required of pupils in composition as to (a) mechanical 
construction of production; (b) ideas; (c) style? (d) What is your method 
of correcting manuscripts? Ans. (a) The form should be uniform as far as 
practical, (b) Ideas should be largely original, (c) Simple style should be- 
adopted, (d) I have a system of numbering errors: 1 stands for incorrect 
spelling; 2 for use of wrong word; 3 for faulty construction; etc. I simply 
place appropriate numbers and let the pupils correct them. After this I verify 
corrections. 

3. Paraphrasing. What is it? Give arguments for or against. Illustrate. 
Ans. Paraphrasing is a changing of the words to express the same thought. 
As a rule, the number of words in the paraphrase is larger than the number 
in the original. No objection can be made against a reasonable amount of 
this work, but we should be sure that, in each case, the thought is improved 
upon. 

4. State the difference in specific meaning of the following, and illustrate 
their use: (1) foot, base; (2) moment, instant; (3) agitated, disturbed; 
(4) respect, regard; (5) estimate, compute; (6) pity, mercy; (7) mercantile, 
commercial; (8) profane, impious. 

Ans. (1) Foot is the lower part of any object: I stand at the foot of a tree. 
Base is the foundation: The base of the monument is solid. 

(2) Moment is a short space of time, past, present, or future: He came 

at the right moment. 
Instant refers to present time only: Come here, this instant. 
N. B. — "Instant" also expresses a shorter period of time than 

does "moment." 

(3) Agitate means to move to and fro: The wind agitates the waves. 
Disturb means to cause disorder: He disturbed the meeting. 

(4) Regard results from external qualities: I have regard for him for 



195 

his politeness. 
: Respect results from internal worth: I have respect for my 

teacher. 

(5) Estimate is to compute approximately: He estimated his estate 

at $iO,000. 
Compute is to calculate exactly: He computes the cost of the 
building. 

(6) Pity for children or other small things: We pity them for their 

misfortune. 
Mercy for the criminals: The Governor showed mercy to the 
prisoner. 
<7) Mercantile is confined to buying and selling: We have a mercan- 
tile establishment. 
Commercial covers the entire field of trade: The commercial 
world is panicky. 
(8) Pi'ofane means irreverent: He uses profane language. 
Impious means ungodly. He leads an impious life. 
5. Write a composition of 150 words on the subject, "The Future of the 
Common Schools of Kentucky." 

Future of the Common Schools of Kentucky. 
There is but one way of judging the future, and that is by a judicious 
review of the past, noticing how certain causes almost universally produced 
the same effects at different times. Patrick Henry said: "I have but one 
lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience." 
Now, any sensible person can not fail to see clearly fhat in the last generation 
there has been, on the part of the people, a universal awakening, and a 
demand that the schools of cur beloved Commonwealth shall be made more 
effective. This awakening has called lor a class of better teachers, for more 
up-to-date text-books and methods, and for an extension of the school term, 
so that the child in the country district may come more nearly having the 
same advantages as the child in the city. The people, as a class, are willing 
to pay for these additional advantages, as they do in the city. The demand 
is still pressed, and, judging by the past, we must conclude that the future 
of the common schools of KentucKy is bright. May this prophetical forecast 
prove to be true! 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. According to the United States Constitution, who are citizens? Ans. 
All persons born in the United States and naturalized aliens. 

2. Why is government justified in imposing taxes? Ans. Government is 
for the protection of the citizens, and it is right that the citizens should pay 
the necessary expenses. These expenses are met by imposing taxes. 

3. What is patriotism? How may it be tested? What of its influence in 
elections? Ans. Patriotism is love for one's native or adopted land. It may 
be tested in time of war. The right kind of patriotism will influence elec- 



196 

tions for good. 

4. Name all the steps In the enactment of laws. Ans. After a measure 
has passed both houses of Congress and is signed by the President it is a 
law. If he vetoes it, it must receive a two-thirds vote in both houses of Con- 
gress, in which case it is passed "'over the President's head." If the Presi- 
dent "pockets" a bill, does not return a bill in 10 days, it is a law, unless 
Congress by its adjournment prevents its return. 

5. What is (a) a Constitution? (b) How may the Constitution of Ken- 
tucky be changed? (c) The Constitution of the United States? Ans. (a) A 
constitution is the fundamental law of the land, (b) The constitution of 
Kentucky can be amended by being proposed in either house of the General 
Assembly. It must be agreed to bv three-fifths of the members elected, and 
be submitted to the voters, (c) The United States Constitution can be 
amended by two-thirds vote in Congress or on a petition of two-thirds of the 
State Legislatures. It must then be ratified by three-fourths of the State 
Legislatures. 

6. What constitutes eligibility of a Congressman in Kentucky? Ans. He 
must be 25 years of age, 7 years a citizen of the United States and an inhab- 
itant of the State. 

7. How many Congressional districts in Kentucky? In which district do 
you reside? Who is your present Congressman? Ans. There are 11 districts. 
I live in the Fifth. Swager Sherley is our Congressman. 

8. Name five legal rights secured to each citizen by the Constitution of the 
United States. Ans. (1) Right of free speech; (2) Religious freedom; (3) 
Political freedom; (4)' Right to bear arms; (5) Right of trial by jury. 

9. W^hat is meant by reciprocity treaty? By common law? By imposts? 
Ans. A reciprocity treaty is a treaty between two nations, each granting the 
other certain privileges; as, importation of goods, free of duty. Common law 
is a system of law prevailing in England and in the L^nited States in contra- 
distinction to other great systems, as Statute and Civil law. Imposts are 
taxes on imports. 

10. Name five powers of the Lower House in Congress. Ans. (1) Introduce 
bills pertaining to revenue. (2) Elect its own officers. (3) Keep its own. 
journal of its proceedings. (4) Draw up articles of impeachment. (.5) Elect 
a President, if the Electoral College fails to do so. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Why is the eastern coast of North America colder than the western 
coast? Ans. The eastern coast has an arctic current, the western an equa- 
torial current. 

2. What are the chief exports from the United States? Ans. Cotton, corn, 
wheat, live stock and manufactured articles. 

3. What are the four largest islands of the West Indies? Ans. Cuba, Porto 
Rico, Hayti and Jamaica. 

4. Mention lour large rivers of Europe. Tell into what body of water 



197 

each flows. Ans. The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea; the Danube into the 
Blaclv Sea; the Rhone into the Gulf of Lyons; the Vistula into the Baltic. 

5. Explain (a) the variations in length of day and night; (b).'the change 
of seasons. Ans. (a) The inclination of the earth's axis causes variation in 
length of day and night; (b) the revolution of the earth and inclination of the 
axis produce change of seasons. 

6. Name five principal seaports and five inland cities of the United States, 
giving reasons for (1) their location; (2) their growth. Ans. The seaports 
are: (1) New York City, on New York Bay, has one of the best commercial 
locations in the world. C2) Boston, on Boston Harbor, has excellent oppor- 
tunity for shipping. (3) Baltimore is at the head of Chesapeake Bay. (4) 
New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, commands the commerce 
of the river. (5) San Fr;incisco has one of the best harbors on the Pacific 
Coast. The inland cities: (1) Buffalo, on Lake Erie and at the entrance of 
the Erie Canal. (2) Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the greatest railroad 
center in the world. (3) Indianapolis has many railroads. (4) Louisville, 
on the falls of the Ohio, has also many railroads, and (5) Kansas City, Mo., 
has both river communication and many railroads. 

7. Draw an outline map of North America, locating the principal rivers 
and highlands and cities in Question No. 6. Ans. Consult any textbook on 
Geography. 

8. What are the requisites for (a) a great agricultural nation; (b) a great 
manufacturing nation? To what extent are these requirements met in the 
United States? Ans. (a) Agriculture demands good soil and rainfall well 
distributed throughout the year, (b) For manufacturing we need water 
power or coal mines not far off; also, raw material. The United States 
or some parts of the United States meet these conditions better than any 
other countrv in the world. 

9. What topographic features act (a) as barriers; (b) as aids to the 
development of a country? Illustrate by specific examples and show how 
barriers have been overcome. Ans. Ca) Mountain ranges act as barriers — 
the Pyrenese and the Alps in Europe, (b) Navigable rivers and oceans 
develop a country — the Mississippi Valley and the whole of Europe, or nearly 
the whole of it. Some mountains, as: Mt. Cenis and Mt. St. Gothard, have 
been tunneled. 

10 Locate 5 of the world's great canals, naming the places connected and 
cominercial importance of each. Ans. (1) Suez Canal shortens the route from 
Western Europe to India two-thirds. It connects Poi't Said with Suez. (2) 
The Erie Canal connects Lake Erie with the Hudson River. It connects Buf- 
falo and Troy. (3) The Miami and Erie Canal connect Cincinnati and To- 
ledo, or Ohio River and Lake Erie. (4) The Ohio Canal connects Cleveland 
and Portsmouth, also Lake Erie and Ohio River. (5) There is also a canal 
in the Netherlands, called the North Holland Canal, connecting Amsterdam 
and Helder or Y and North Sea. All the above canals are immense aids in 
commerce. 



198 
GRAMMAR. 

1. What is meant by grammatical and logical subjects? Name the classes 
of nouns. Ans. Tl:e grammatical subject is the subject without its modifiers. 
The logical subject is the subject with all its modifiers. Nouns are classified 
as Proper and Common. 

2. Distinguish between the active and passive forms of the verb. Illus- 
trate. Ans. TTie active voice represents the subject as acting. Illustration: 
The general gained a great victory. The passive voice represents the sub- 
ject as acted upon. Illustration: The pupil was praised by the teacher. 

3. What is meant by substantive phrases and clauses? Illustrate. Ans. 
By these terms we mean that these phrases and clauses are used as nouns. 
Illustration: "After a while" leads to never. "That the earth is round" can 
be proven. 

4. Form the possessive singular and plural of: lady, princess, sheep, it, 
brother-in-law. Ans. Possessives singular: lady's, princess's, sheep's, its, 
brother-in-law's; possessives plural: ladies', princesses' sheeps', their, 
brothers-in-lav,''s. N. B. — Singular sheep's, plural sheeps' is established by 
usage. 

5. Punctuate: Paint me as I am said Cromwell all my scars wrinkles and 
warts or I will not pay a shilling. Ans. "Paint me as I am," said Cromwell, 
"all my scars, wrinkles, and warts, or I will not pay a shilling." 

6. Write the complete conjugation of the verb "to be." Ans. Consult any 
g^rammar textbook. 

7. Wherever necessary, correct errois in the following: 

(a) She does like I did — should be: She does as I did. 

(b) He divided it between you and I — should be: He divided it be- 
tween you and me. 

(c) John sitys he feels badly about it — should be: John says he feels 
bad about it. 

(d) The general died with fever — should be: The general died of fever. 

(e) Can I leave the class? — should be: May I leave the class? 

8. Beethoven was a musician. She is named Mary. They made him 
umpire. She studied an hour. The governor gave him the office. Give con- 
struction of words in heavy type. Ans. "Musician" is the predicate of the 
sentence ; "Mary" is the predicate after the passive verb, and is neuter gen- 
der; 'him umpire" are the two parts of the double object; "hour" is the 
object of a preposition miderstood; "gave" is the predicate verb; "him" is 
the indirect object; "office" is the direct object. 

9. Analyze or diagram: 
"We, ignorant of ourselves. 

Beg often our own harm, which the wise nowers 

Deny us for our own good; so find we profit 

By losing our prayers." j 



199 



i We I ignorant | of ourselves 
-, ^^J often I — " 

( harm ( the 



powers -! 

( wise 

^ us 
deny . which 

i for good I our own 



so 
( find -! profit 

( by losing | prayers | our 

10. Give declension of: his, boy, I, who, you. Give synopsis of write in 
1st person, sing., active voice. 



ns. Sing. 

Nom. he boy 
Poss. his boy's 
Obj. him boy 


I 

my 

me 


who 

whose 

whom 


you 

your 

you 




Nom. 

Poss 

Obj. 


they boys 
their boys' 
them boys 

Indie. 


we 
our 
us 


who 

whose 

whom 


you 

your 

you 




Pres. 


I write 








Potential 


Past. 


I wrote 






Pres. 


I may write 


Fut. 


I shall write 






Past. 


I might write 


'res. Perf. 


I have written 


Pres. Perf. 


I may have written 


Past Perf. 


I had written 




Past Perf. 


I might have written 


Fut. Perf. 


I shall have written 










Pres. 


Subjunctive 
If I write 








Past. 


If I wrote 








Past Perf. 


If I had written. 





HISTORY. 

1. Describe the early Indian life, and the different kinds of Indians as 
you would tell it to your pupils. Ans. Before the advent of white men in 
this country, it was inhabited by Indians, a red race. They lived in tribes, 
as the Iroquois, the Pequods, the Wampanoags, the Algonquins, and many 
others. They did no worlr, but their wives did. The Indians hunted, fished, 
and went to war. They were uneducated, uncivilized, lazy and improvident. 
Their religion wac a species of paganism. 

2. Give the story of Columbus; his purpose, struggles, success. Ans. Co- 
lumbus was born at Genoa, in Italy. He, early in life, conceived the idea 
that the earth is round and that by sailing westward he would reach Asia. 
He endeavored, for a long time unsuccessfully, to interest various monarchs 
and give him needed assistance. At last the Court of Spain assisted him 



200 

with three vessels. He sailed from Palos, Spain, and, after many hard- 
ships, on October 12, 1492, he landed at one of the Bahama Islands. He 
made three voyages later, four in all. He died in 150G. 

3. Give an account of John Smith's character and services. Ans. Among 
those who founded .Jamestown in 1G07, John Smith was by far the most 
valuable. He kept order by making all work. He became governor and 
made three exploring expeditions of Chesapeake Bay and principal rivers. 
In 1G09 he was hurt by an explosion of gunpowder, went to England and 
never returned. He wrote the first History of Virginia. 

4. Describe the settlement at Plymouth, the character of the settlers, 
their motives and their early hardships. Ans. The settlers of Plymouth 
were Pilgrims; they were good, religious men, came to find a place where 
they could have freedom of worship, and intended to remain in America 
and make it their home. At first they had very many reverses, as sickness, 
scarcity of food and Indian trouble. After a few years they were more 
prosperous. 

5. Show why Pennsylvania colony had little trouble with Indians. Ans. 
William Penn, the founder, adhered to the Golden Rule: Do unto others 
as you would have others do unto you. The Indians soon understood and 
trusted him and gave him no trouble. 

6. (a) What was the purpose of Paul Revere's ride? Ans. To warn the 
people outside of Boston that the British were coming, (b) Who wrote 
the Declaration of Independence, and what is the main idea in the docu- 
ment? Ans. Thomas Jefferson wrote it. The main idea in it is: Equality of 

all men. 

7. (a) What connection has Dred Scott with the United States history? 
Ans. The Dred Scott Decision during Buchanan's Administration hastened 
on the coming of the Civil War. (b) Who wrote the emancipation proclama- 
tion, and why? Ans. Abraham Lincoln issued it as Commander-in-Chief 
of the army. He thought that likely the Confederate States might cease 
hostilities before it took effect, January 1. 1863. (c) Give a sketch of Abra- 
ham Lincoln's services. Ans. Born in Kentucky, he moved early in life to 
Illinois. He served in the Black Hawk War, was Representative In Con- 
gress at the breaking out of the Mexican War; was elected President in 
1860; re-elected in 1864, but was assassinated shortly after his inauguration. 

8. Name two of the colonies that took the most active part in the fight 
for independence. Give reasons for answer. Ans. Massachusetts and South 
Carolina. The war began in Massachusetts and much of the time the army 
was in and around Boston. There were more battles fought on South 
Carolina soil than in any other of the colonies. 

9. Name two great national compromises. What issue involved in each? 
Ans. The Missouri Compromise of 1821 and the Compromise of 1850, when 
California was admitted. Slavery was involved in both. 

10. Discuss: (1) The crisis of 1873. (2) The Tenure of OflSce Act. Ans. 
(1) In 1873 there was a financial panic. I believe that it was claimed that it 



201 

was caused by the demonetization of silver. It was a setback to trade in 
■general and caused much distress. (2) In 1S67 Congress passed a law lim- 
iting the power of the President in removals from office. Ultimately it led 
to President Johnson's impeachment. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Name five kinds of tissue? Ans. (1) Muscular, (2) nervous, (3) cel- 
lular, (4) fibrous, (5) connective. 

2. Explain exactly how the eye is adjusted: (a) to the intensity of light; 
(b) to distance of the object? Ans. (a) By means of a curtain called the 
iris, with the pupil in its center. This pupil can expand or contract to vary 
with intensity of light, (b) By the cornea and the crystalline lens the eye is 
adjusted to distance of object. 

3. Define glands. Give the principal glands and their specific functions. 
Ans. A gland is a secreting organ. The principal glands are: the liver, se- 
creting bile; kidneys, secreting urine; pancreas, secreting pancreatic fluid. 

4. Trace course of blood in greater and less circulation. Ans. (1) Greater 
circulation commences with the entrance of the blood into the aorta, extends 
over the whole body and stops at the heart. (2) Lesser circulation is in the 
following order: right auricle, left auricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmo- 
nary vein, left auricle, left ventricle. 

5. Name the organs of respii*ation? Give function of each? Ans. (1) Nasal 
passages admit air; (2) larynx, bronchi, bronchial tubes, admit passage of 
the air on its way to the lungs; (3) lungs; in the lungs the air purifies the ■ 
blood, after which it is exhaled in reverse order in which it is inhaled. 

6. Define: (a) cochlea, (b) iris, (c) eustachian, (d) enamel, (e) perios- 
teum. Ans. Ca) The cochlea is in the inner ear. (b) The iris gives color 
to the eye. (c) The eustachian tube leads from the middle ear to the 
pharynx, (d) Enamel is the covering of the teeth, (e) Periosteum is the 
covering of the bones. 

7. Name three kinds of joints? Illustrate each? Ans. (1) Ball and socket, 
as the shoulder; (2) hinge, as the elbow; (3) compound, as the wrist. 

8. Of what is air composed? Give reasons for breathing through th9 
nose instead of mouth? Ans. (1) Air is composed of about one-fifth oxygen 
and four-fifths nitrogen. (2) The mouth is not a part of the respiratory sys- 
tem; the nose is 

9. Draw a cut of a tooth and discuss each part? What is the hygiene of 
the teeth? Ans. A tooth is formed (1) of enamel, covering the (2) dentine 
and (3) nerves. Consult textbook. We should keep our teeth clean by tooth- 
brush; we must not use hard toothpicks, nor eat exceedingly hot or exceed- 
ingly cold food. We should be very careful not to injure the enamel, as it 
is not replaced. 

10. Discuss digestion, steps, organs involved, fluids and hygiene. Ans. 
Food enters the mouth, where it is masticated and mixed with saliva, which 
converts starch into sugar. It is swallowed and enters the stomach. Here 



202 

the gastric glands secrete gastric fluid which converts the food into chyme. 
After this it enters the intestines: duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, 
rectum. In the duodenum the bile and pancreative fluid, secreted by liver 
and pancreas respectively, change the chyme into chyle. This chyle is con- 
veyed by the lacteals to the thoracic duct and digestion is completed. We 
should not overeat, eat at irregular times nor under unsuitable circum- 
stances. 

READING. 

Here under leave of Brutus and the rest, — 

For Brutus is an honorable man. 

So are they all, all honorable men, — 

Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. 

He Vr'as my friend, faithful and just to me: 

But Brutus says he was ambitious; 

And Brutus is an honorable man. — Shakespeare. 

1. Are there examples of irony or sarcasm in the above selection? If so, 
indicate them by the circumflex. Ans. Yes; the words "honorable men," 
wherever they occur. 

2. Write the following words, dividing them into syllables and mark the 
accent: colleague — col-league (accent 2nd); conduct (behavior) — con-duct 
(1st); conduct (to lead) — conduct (2nd); object (to oppose) — ob-ject (2nd); 
object (purpose) — ob-ject (1st); refuse (to deny) — re-fuse (2nd); refuse 
(worthless remains) — ref-use (ist) ; project (plan) — proj-ect (1st); project 
(to jut out) — pro-ject (2nd); over-throw (to ruin) — o-ver-throw (1st and 3rd). 

3. Define phonic analysis and give an illustration. Ans. Phonic analysis 
consists in separating a word into its elementary sounds. Illustration: 
phthisic — t i z-i k. 

4. Name three requisites of correct pronunciation? Ans. Articulation, 
syllabication, accent. 

SPELLING. 

1. Name four diacritic marks used to designate the sounds of consonants? 
What consonants are so marked? Give words to illustrate the use of each 
mark? Ans. For the diacritic marks consult your dictionary. G, as in gem; 
g, as in get; c, as in cell; n, as in canon, 

2. Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of oral spelling? 
(b) Which do you prefer, oral or written spelling? Why? Ans. (a) By oral spell- 
ing the pupil learns the sound of the word; he has to keep being attentive; 
bad pronunciation can be corrected. The disadvantages are: All our spell- 
ing after leaving school is written; the sound does not always assist iJi cor- 
rect writing; it is a monotonous exercise, (b) I prefer written spelling, be- 
cause more variety is possible and because it is the only practical method. 

3. Name five affixes and form words by their use, defining the deriva- 
tions. Ans. Affixes include both prefixes and suffixes. Circum — circumnavi- 
gate—to sail around. Post— postpone— to put off (literally: to place after). 



203 

Retro — retrospect^ — a looking back cu things past. Ish — boyish — like a boy. 
Er — wanderer — one who wanders. 

4. Illustrate all the sounds of "a." Ans. Mate, mat, far, water, fare, 
idea, was. For marks consult your dictionary. 

5. Spell: Gloucester, principle, squadron, woodpecker, pigeon, issue, Cae- 
sar, knot, unassailable, doers, audience, engineer, Shakespeare, annual, at- 
mosphere, balloon, carrot, radish, clothes, Budapest, predicate, anatomy, 
mesentery, isthmian, vacillate. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What is meant by good discipline? Name some ways by which it can 
be secured. Ans. By good discipline we mean that condition of the school 
in which all the work is done quietly and without friction. It can be secured 
by keeping the pupils profitably employed. 

2. Name four important educational principles? Ans. (1) Proceed from 
the known to the unknown. (2) Processes before rules. (3) Keep at all 
times in mind the law of natural development of the mind. (4) Triple de- 
velopments of soul, mind and body. 

3. When and where did Pestalozzi live? For what is he noted? Ans. 
Pestalozzi was born at Zurich, Switzerland, in 1746. He died in 1827. He is 
noted as an educational reformer. 

4. Show how history and geography may be correlated. Ans. Much of 
history, especially accounts of battles, disputes of boundaries, etc., would be 
worthless without a knowledge of geography. Books on history contain 
numerous maps, showing the necessity of one in the study of the other. 

5. Who was Socrates? What is meant by the Socratic method of instruc- 
tion? Ans. Socrates (469-399 B. C.) was one of the greatest Greek philoso- 
phers. The question and answer method is the "Socratic" method. 

6. Discuss briefly the duties and rights of children. Ans. Children must 
be neat, punctual, industrious, obedient, well-behaved. They are entitled to 
good treatment, education, freedom from interference. 

7. What is the relation between interest and attention? What causes 
absent-mindedness? Ans. Interest and attention are so closely related that 
they, so to speak, go together. No child will pay attention to anything in 
which he is not interested. Absent-mindedness is caused by lack of atten- 
tion to the matter under consideration. 

8. Distinguish between jercept and concept? Illustrate? Ans. A percept 
is a single element of knowledge gained through the senses. A concept is 
synonymous with "judgment. " 

9. When is the perceptive faculty most active? Show the relation be- 
tween sensation and perception? Ans. The perceptive faculties are most 
active in early life. Perception is a special kind of knowledge; sensation 
is a special kind of feeling. 

10. (1) What is the most essential factor in the school? (2) What are the 
most essential elements in this factor? Ans. (1) THe most essential factor 



■ 204 

in school is the teacher. (2) The teacher must have knowledge, zeal and 
skill. 

WRITING. 

1. What ends should be sought in teaching penmanship? Ans. Neatness, 
legibility, dispatch. 

2. (1) In what grades would you introduce the arm movement? (2) Give 
reasons? (3) Mention the requisites of a good business handwriting. Ans. 
(1) I would introduce arm movement about the fourth grade. (2) The mus- 
cles are better under control then than before. (3) Uniformity of size, slant, 
space, 

3. What letters should be one space high? Two spaces? Three spaces? 
Ans'. One space: a, c, e, i, m, n, o, u, v, w, x. Two spaces: d, t. Three 
spaces: b, g, h, j, k, 1, y, z. 

4. What three particular things should you give most attention in teach- 
ing writing? Ans. Proper position at the desk, proper position of the copy- 
book, proper holding of the pen. 

5. The printed copy, if it can be made to slide, so that it will be contin- 
ually befcre the pupil, is all right. If it can not be made to slide, it is of 
little value. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. A county bridge is 6 rod'^ long and 18 ft. wide. What is the cost of 
the flooring with 3-inch planks at $22,50 per M? 

Ans. 3-inch plank— 3 surfaces. 
99X 18X3X .0225=$120 .285. 

2. A grain wagon has a box 13ft., 3in. long, 4ft., 2in. wide, and 5ft. deep. 
How many bushels of wheat will it hold? What will it weigh? 

53X25X5X.803 

Ans. 13V4X4VoX5X-803= '■ =221.661 bushels. Ans. 

4X6 
221 661X60=13299.66 lbs. Ans. 

3. A merchant sent his agent $11,000 to buy flour at lO'/c commission. 
How many barrels did he buy at $2.50 a barrel? 

Ans. $2. 50+$. 2') (lOo^ of $2. 50) =$2. 75 cost of one barrel. 
$11,0(»0^$2. 75=4000 barrels. Ans. 

4. The longitude of New York is 74° 3' W. That of Berlin is 15° 20' E. 
When it is 8 a. m. at New York what is the time at Berlin? 

Ans. 15° 20' E 15 | 89° 23' 8hr. 

74° 3' W I 5hr. 57m. 32sec. 

I 5hr. 57m. 32sec- diff. in time 

89° 23' diff. long. 13hr. 57m. 32sec. 

Ihr. 57mi. 32sec. P. M. Ans. 

5. The income from 7 5^ bonds is $420. What was the cost of the bonds at 
108. What rate 9, does the investment yield? 

Ana. $420^.07=?6,000 par value; and |6,OOOXl.08=*6480. Market value. 
Rate=y] osX 100=6i %- % . Ans , 



205 

6. What is the capacity in gallons of a tank lift.. Sin. long, 6ft. 5in. 
wide, 4ft., 2in. deep? 

45 

Ans. 135X77X50 

=2250 gal. Ans. 

231 

3 

7. The proceeds of a note discounted for 90 days without grace at 6/o 
were $354.60; what was the face of the note? 

Ans. Interest of $1.00 at 6% for 90 days=$.015; Proceeds=$.985 
$354 60--. 985=$360 . Ans . 

8. If a block of granite 6ftX3iftXl%ft. weighs 5,400 pounds, what is 
the weight of one 8ft.X4%ft.Xlift? Solve by proportion. 

42 :56 ::5400 : 

20 : 18 Ans. =8640 pounds. 

9. Goods costing $4,800 in Europe and invoiced at the same value paid 
27 J ^f duty and $280 charges. They sold at 12 J per cent, advance over the 
whole cost. What was the selling price? 

Ans. $4,800+$l,320 (27^% of t4,800)+$280=$6,400; and $6,400+$800= 
$7,200 Ans. 

10. What is the difference between the simple and the annual interest of 
$475 at 7% for 3 yrs., 9 mos , and 20 days? 

Ans. The difference is equal to the simple interest on one year's inter- 
est on the principal for the deferred periods, viz: 2 yrs., 9 mos., 20 days; lyr., 
9 mos., 20 days: and 9 mD3 , and 20 days. 

$475X.07=$33.25,1 yrs. interest. 2 yrs. 9 mos. 20 days 

«^33.25 1 yr. 9 mos. 20 days 

12 .65 9 mos. 20 days 

7 Ans $12.61 Difference 

5 yr. 5mo. 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What change has been proposed in the manner of electing United 
States Senators? How may this change be effected? What is one argument 
in its favor? Ans. (1) The change proposed is to have United States Sen- 
ators elected by the people. (2) It can be effected by an amendment to 
the United States Constitution. (3) It would enable the Legislature to attend 
to legislative matters without having so much time taken up by dead-locks. 

2. Describe definitely the proceedmgs in case of impeachment of an offi- 
cer of the United States? Ans. The House draws up articles of impeach- 
ment, appoints a committee to prosecute them, while the Senate sits as a 
court to try the case. 

3. Distinguish between the powers and functions of a grand jury and a 
petit jury? Ans. A grand jury sits to determine whether or not a person 
is to be tried. If he is to be tried the grand jury finds a "true bill." The 
grand jury does not sit with the court. The petit jury sits with the court, 
hears the evidence and finds the accused guilty or not guilty. They also 



206 

fix the punishment. 

4. Define and explain the following: (a) Government. Ans. It is the 
body of persons that administer the affairs of the State, (b) Taxation. Ans. 
Collection of private money for public purposes, (c) The right of eminent 
domain. Ans. It is the right of the government to take private property 
for public purposes. 

5. Describe the government of a New ETngland town and describe its his- 
torical development? Ans. Formerly in New England they held town meet- 
ings. Here the people made the necessary laws, and appointed the oflacers. 
This gradually changed and elections and legislatures took their places. 

6. Name and explain the three forms of colonial government found in the 
thirteen American colonies? Ans. (1) Charter government; under it peo- 
ple were ruled by a royal charter. (2) Royal government; under it people 
were ruled by governors appointed by the king. (31 Proprietary; under this 
form the proprietor was the head. 

7. Distinguish between a criminal action and a civil action? Give an ex- 
ample of each? Ans. In a criminal action, as for murder, a person is in- 
dicted by a grand jury and subsequently tried by a petit jury. The punish- 
ment for a crime is penitentiary confinement or death. In a civil action, 
as a suit on a promissory note, a complaint is made, the case tried and 
plaintiff is given judgment against the defendant for the amount due. 

8. Compare the government of the United States under the Articles of 
Confederation with the government under the Constitution? Ans. Under the 
Articles of Confederation Congressmen were paid by the States; there was 
no Executive; there was no Judiciary. Congress could pass any kind of law, 
but could not enforce a single one. 

9. Explain what is meant by Civil Service? What are its advantages? 
Ans. Under Civil Service ability wins; political pull is worthless. The ex- 
amination once passed, and after an applicant is appointed, he retains his 
place as long as he does his duty. The advantage is that a better class of 
officers will be the result, since ability and honesty are the only things that 
count. 

10. Compare the government of a State with that of a Territory under the 
United States? Ans. In a State people elect all officers, legislative, execu- 
tive, judicial. In a Territory executive and judicial officers are appointed by 
the President. The people elect their local officers. The people of a Terri- 
tory have no vote in a Presidential election. 

COMPOSITION. 
1. Distinguish by comparing and by illustration in sentences? (1) News 
—gossip. Ne\A,s is oi general interest and is obtained from newspapers: 
"The Courier Journal contains much news this morning." Gossip is small 
talk among a certain class of people: "These women gossip all the day 
long." (2) Inability— disability. Inability means lack of ability: "His fail- 
ure is caused by his inability to do the work." Disability, prevented by law; 



207 

^'Being an alien, or a foreign-born citizen brings witti it disability to become 
President." (3) Affect — effect. Affect means to act upon: "Rain affects 
vegetation." Effect means to produce or bring to pass: "To effect this mucn 
labor is needed." (4) Party — person. Party means several persons: "A 
party boarded the train." Person is one individual: "He is a very sociable 
person." (5) Pupil — student — scholar. Pupil is any one under a teacher. 
Student is one who attends to his studies. Scholar is a learned person. 
Illustration: "An industrious pupil is a student and eventually becomes a 
scholar." 

2. Define paragraph; theme? Ans. A paragraph is a sentence or a series 
of sentences treating of the same subdivision of a subject. A theme is the 
subject of an entire composition. 

3. Write synonyms for (1) good? Ans. Right, sound, proper,, true. (2) 
Bright. Ans. Shining, brilliant, clever, (a) High. Ans. Elevated, lofty, 
tall. (4) Agreeable. Ans. Pleasant, amiable, acceptable. (5) Gentle. Ans. 
Polite, mild, docile 

4. What work in composition should be done by the pupil before he begins 
textbook? Ans. Conversational exercises, reproduction of stories, original 
stories, paraphrasing lessons from reader. 

5. Write a composition of 150 words on: "The Nicaragua Canal." Ans. 
The Nicaragua Canal was a proposed ship canal across the territory of Nic- 
aragua, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This question com- 
menced to be agitated soon after the establishment of the independence 
of the Spanish-American Republics. In 1826 Henry Clay, Secretary of State, 
instructed the Commissioners of the United States at the Paiiama Congress 
to investigate the practicability and probable expense of the undertaking on 
the routes which offer the greatest facilities. In 1835 negotiations were 
opened with the Central American governments and with New Grenada. In 
1849 the Nicaraguan Government granted a company, of which Cornelius 
Vanderbilt was the chief member, the right to construct a ship canal across 
Nicaragua: In 1856 this concession lapsed, because conditions were not ful- 
filled. In 1872 the route was again surveyed, and President Grant appointed 
a committee of three military and naval engineers. This committee re- 
ported unanimously in favor of the Nicaraguan Canal. In 1879 at Paris, 
although the claims of the Central American Canal were ably advocated, 
the International Congress decided in favor of the Panama Canal. Again 
during Cleveland's administration a treaty was made, but the President with- 
drew it before it was ratified. After this much has been done by discussion, 
but nothing practical. Today the Panama Canal is settled upon and work 
has been commenced. The Nicaragua Canal belongs henceforth to history. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
1. Locate (a) the United States Naval Academy. Ans. At Annapolis, Md. 
(b )Tasmania. Ans. An island south of Australia, (c) The largest city in 
Asia. Ans. Tokio. capital of Japan, (d) The highest mountain of South 



208 

America. Ans. Mt. Aconcagua, Argentine Republic, (e) The largest river 
of Europe. Ans. The Volga, in Eastern Russia. 

2. What are some of the causes tnat determine the location of cities? 
Give three illustrations? Ans. Harbors, navigable rivers, railroads, manu- 
facturing material. Illustrations: New York City, St. Louis, Indianapolis, 
Chicago. 

3. (1) What are ocean currents? (2) By what are they caused? (3) 
Describe Gulf Stream? Ans. (1) Ocean currents are currents running from 
equator to pole, or from pole to equator. The former are warm; the latter 
cold currents. (2) They are caused by the unequal heat of the sun at the 
equator and the poles. They are modified by the rotation of the earth. (3) 
The Gulf Stream is an equatorial current flowing in a northeasterly direc- 
tion across the Atlantic, from the Gulf of Mexico to Western Europe. 

4. What is meant by isotherms, river basin, solstices, harbors, monsoons, 
tropics? Ans. Isotherms are lines connecting places having equal average 
temperature. A river basin is all the territory drained by a river and Its 
tributaries. Solstices are the times when the vertical rays of the sun come 
farthest from equator. Harbors are sheltered anchoring places for vessels. 
Monsoons are winds that blow for six months in one direction and the re- 
mainder of the year in the opposite direction. Tropics are circles 23^ 
degrees north and south of equator, where the sun' is vertical at solstices. 

5. Where would a vessel be that had no latitude and no longitude? Ans. 
[n the Gulf of Guinea where the prime meridian crosses the equator. 

6. How would you correlate History and Geography? Ans. By locating 
on the maps all places mentioned in History and by studying places of his- 
torical importance in Geography. 

7. Explain the tides, as you would to a class, making such illustrations 
as you think necessary. Ans. I believe it can be explained only by means 
of a globe and showing how the moon and sun attract the oceanic water in 
conjunction, opposition or quadrature. 

8. Through what bodies of water would you pass in going from St. Louis, 
Mo., to St. Petersburg, Russia? Ans. Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic 
Ocean, English Channel, North Sea, Baltic Canal, Baltic, Neva River. 

9. (1) Locate the grain regions of the world; (2) the coal regions; (3) 
cotton regions. Ans. (1) Mississippi Valley, U. S. A.; Southeastern Europe, 
Egypt, Northern India, Australia. (2) Eastern United States, Western United 
States, England, Belgium, Germany. (3) Southern States, U. S. A.; Indies, 
Egypt, Brazil. 

10. What seas and bays border on the coast of Europe? AnJ. "WTiite Sea, 
North Sea, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aegean Sea, Black Sea, 
Sea of Azov, Caspian. 

GRAMMAR. 
1. Define and illustrate the adverbial objective? Ans. The adverbial ob- 
jective is sometimes called the objective without a governing word. lUus- 



209 

tration: He is six feet tall. He ran six miles.. I weigh 175 pounds. 

2. Distinguish between participle and intinitive. Illustrate. Ans. Par- 
ticiples and infinitives are both derived from verbs; the former by inflection, 
the latter by composition. Illustration: Participles: singing-, teaching, pun- 
ished, having sung. Infinitives: to sing, to teach, to be punished. 

3. Define "agreement" as a grammatical term. Illustrate. Ans. By 
"agreement" we mean correspondence or likeness in certain grammatical 
forms, as: pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, number 
and gender. 

4. Give the rules fcr the formation of the possessive case of nouns, and 
Illustrate? Ans. Nouns form their possessives in the singular by adding an 
apostrophe (') and the letter "s" to the nominative form; in the plural, when 
the nominative ends in "s" by adding only the apostrophe; if the nominative 
plural dees not end in "s" the rule is the same as for the singular. Illustra- 
tion: Boy's (sing.); boys' (plural); but children's, men's. In a few cases, 
as, for peace' sake, the "s" in the singular is omitted. 

5. Give a synopsis of the verb "see" in the passive voice, indicative mode. 
Distinguish between synopsis and conjugation. Ans. Pres., I am seen; pres. 
perf., I have been seen. Past, I was seen; past pert., I had been seen. Future, 
I shall be seen; future perf., I shall have been seen. A synopsis carries the 
different forms of the verb through one person in all modes and tenses. A 
conjugation through ai; persons. 

G. Analyze: "Captain Lawrence said: 'Don't give up the ship.'" Ans. 
This is a complex declarative sentence, of which "Captain Lawrence said" 
is the principal clause, and "Don't give up the ship" is the subordinate clause. 
"Captain Lawrence" is the subject; all that follows is the predicate. "Said" 
is the simple predicate modified by the objective clause, "Don't give up the 
ship"; [you] understood, is the subject; all that follows is the predicate. "Do 
give.up" (surrender) is the simple predicate, modified by the model adverb 
"not," and the object "ship"; "ship" is modified by "the", an adjective ele- 
ment. 

7. Parse the words in black type in No. 6. Ans. "Said" is a verb, irreg., 
trans., act., ind., past, 3rd, sing., to agree with subject; "don't give up" is a 
verb, irreg., trans., neg., emphatic, imp., pres., 2nd, plural, to agree with 
subject [you], understood. 

8. Correct such of the following as are wrong and give reasons: (1) I 
expected to have seen you yesterd^ay — I expected to see you yesterday. 
After the word "expect" use present infinitive. (2) Everbody gave his con- 
sent—Correct. (3) The dog lay down and died— Correct. (4) He felt bad 
about it— Correct. (5) That is not made like this is— That is not made as 
this is. The conjunctive adverb "as" is the proper connective. 

9. Analyze: Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 

f ( the 

J h^^^l S that 

I ( wears | crown | a 

[ lies : uneasy 
10. Use a clause as (1) adjective: Men who will can find work. (2) Ad- 
verb: I come when it is time. (3) Subject: Whatever is, is right. (4) 



210 

Predicate: The fact is, he is lazy. 

HISTORY. 

1. Describe DeSoto's expedition? Ans. After DeSoto had been appointed 
Governor of Cuba and Florida he went on an expedition to explore Florida. 
He landed at Tampa, and for about three years explored the country north 
and west. He discovered the Mississippi River. He fought several battles 
with Indians; the principal one was the battle of Mobile, in October, 1540. 
He died in May, 1542, and was buried in the Mississippi River. 

2 Locate (1) ficonderoga, (2) Ft. DuQuesne, (3) Gettysburg, (4) Vicks- 
burg, (5) Harper's Ferry? Give reasons why each was important. Ans. (1) 
Ticonderoga, on Lake George, N. Y., was a point of attack in French and In- 
dian War. (2) Ft. DuQuesne, where Pittsburg is now, was also a point of 
attack. (3) Gettysburg, Pa. A battle was fought here in July, 1863. (4) 
Vicksburg, Miss. Taken by Grant July 4, 1863. (5) Harpers Ferry, Va. At- 
tacked by John Brown October 16, 1859. 

4. Explain the causes leading up to the war with Mexico. Ans. Slavery 
was at the bottom of the trouble, aggravated by the annexation of Texas. 
The disputed boundary between Texas and Mexico was the direct cause. 

5. Name seven additions made to the United States since the close of the 
Revolution? Ans. Northwest Territory, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Cali- 
fornia &nd other Mexican cessions, Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Philippines. 

6. State why each of the following is of current interest in connection 
with the Russian-Japanese War: (1) Seoul, (2) Yalu River, (3) Port Arthur, 

(4) Chemulpo, (5) Vladivostock. Ans. (1) Seoul is the capital of Corea. (2) 
A great battle was fought at the Yalu River. (3) Port Arthur was a strong 
fortress taken by the Japanese. (4) Chemulpo is the chief seaport of Corea. 

(5) Vladivostock is the terminus of the Siberi'an Railway. 

7. Tell something of (1) Nathan Hale, (2) Horace Greeley, (3) James A. 
Garfield, (4) Cyrus W. Field, (5) Robert Morris. Ans. (1) Nathan Hale was an 
American patriot who was hung as a spy in 177G. (2) Horace Greeley, foun- 
der of the New York Tribune and candidate for Presidency. (3) James A. Gar- 
field, President of United States, assassinated at Washington, July 2, 1881. 
(4) Cyrus W. Field laid first Atlantic cable. (5) Robert Morris was the finan- 
cier of the Revolution. 

8. Give an account of Arnold's treason? Ans. Benedict Arnold, by marry- 
ing a Tory lady in Philadelphia, had become very deeply involved in debt. 
His conduct while military commander of Philadelphia had been investigated 
by a committee of Congress and he was sentenced to be reprimanded by 
Washington. After this he plotted treason to avenge himself. He solicited 
and obtained command of West Point, intending to surrender it to Clinton. 
He failed, but escaped and was never captured. He received the promised 
reward 

9. (a) Tell about Lewis and Clarke's expedition? (b) Who were Mason 
and Dixon? Ans. (a) Lewis and Clarke explored the Missouri River after 



211 

the Louisiana Purchase. They were engaged iu it about three years and 
made a complete report, (b) Mason and Dixon were two engineers who sur- 
veyed the southern boundary of Pennsylvania to settle conflicting claims be- 
tween Penn's heirs and Lord Baltimore. 

10. Name the leading generals and the greatest battle of the Civil War? 
Ans. Federals: Grant. Sherman, Sheridan, McClellan, Meade. Confeder- 
ates: Lee, Joseph E. Johnston. A. S. Johnston, Beauregard, Bragg. Battles: 
Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg. 

READING. 

1. Cefine; (1) force, (2) time, (3) pitch, (4) pure tone, (5) orotund. Ans. 
(1) Force means the energy with which we read. (2) Time is the rate at 
which we read. (.3) Pitch is the key in which we read. (4) Pure tone is 
the natural tone of rhe voice. (3) Orotund means a round opening of the 
mouth in reading. 

2. Distinguish between grammatical and rhetorical pauses and mark the 
rhetorical pauses in the following: 

Art is long — and time is fleeting, 

And our hearts — though strong and brave. 
Still — like muffled drums — are beating 
Funeral marches — to the grave. 
Ans. Grammatical pauses are indicated by the punctuation marks, 
rhetorical pauses are require;? by the thought. The two kinds of pauses 
sometimes coincide. 

3. What physical exercises are appropriate in the reading class? Ans. 
Breathing exercises and any other tsxercises that tend toward improving 
breathing or vocal organs. 

4. Name three common faults in reading, and state how you would en- 
deavor to correct each. Ans. 1. Repeating — corrected by slow, careful read- 
ing. 2. Lack of attention— corrected by paying attention. 3. Improper pro- 
nunciation — corrected by practice on elementary sounds. 

5. Applicant read a selection. 

SPELLING. 

1. Indicate the pronunciation of the following: Arabic, aspirant, juvenile, 
jugular, appendicitis. Consult dictionary. 

2. Write an application for a position as teacher, enumerating your quali- 
fications. 

Ans. Louisville, Ky., August 3, 1906. 

To the Board of Trustees of District No. 15, Fayette County, Ky. 

Gentlemen: Information has reached me that, as yet, you have no 
teacher for the ensuing school year. Please to consider me an applicant for 
the position. I hold a State certificate, have had twenty years' experience, 
and am in good health. I inclose copies of recommendations, and also refer 
you to any district where I have heretofore taught. If you desire a personal 
interview please to let me know, stating time and place. Hoping to hear from 



212 

5'ou at your earliest convenience, 1 am, yours respectfully, 

K. VAN DER MAATEN. 

3. Give rule for forming the plural of nouns, giving exceptions. Illustrate. 
Ans. The plural of nouns is regularly formed by adding "s" or "es" to the 
singular. Illustration: boy, boys; garden, gardens; box, boxes. Exceptions: 
(1) Some nouns ending in "o" after a consonant add "es," as: negro, 
negroes; echo, echoes; torpedo, torpedoes. (2) Some nouns in "f" or "fe" 
add "es" after changing "f" to "v," as: knife, knives; leaf, leaves; calf, 
calves. (3) Nouns in "y" after a consonant add "es" after changing "y" 
into "i," as: city, cities; lily, lilies; daisy, daisies, (4) Some nouns form 
their plural irregularly, as: child, children; man, men; foot, feet; mouse, 
mice. (5) Some nouns do not change in form for the plural, as: deer, grouse, 
vermin, hose, sheep. (6) Foreign plurals are in some cases maintained, as: 
analysis, analyses; beau, beaux; datum, data; focus, foci; madame, mes- 
dames; nebula, nebulae; index, indices. 

4. Define and give an example of primitive v^'ord, compound word, syn- 
onym, digraph. Ans. ,A primitive word is not derived from any other, as: 
man, boy. A compound word is composed of two or more words, as: ink- 
stand. A synonym is a word having approximately the same meaning as 
another word, as: clear, distinct; haste, hui-ry; speed, dispatch. A digraph 
is a combination of two consonants to express a single sound, as: ph, f; ch, 
gh, sh, th, ng. 

5. Spell: Commercial, satisfactory, certificate, university, college, bal- 
ance, endorsement, attach, elementary, illustrate, logical, eighth, definition, 
idiomatic, occult, comprehensive, reliable, passenger, attractive, business, 
separate, picturesque, application, chivalry, endurance. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Define consciousness and sense-perception. What psychical elements 
are involved in sense-perception? Ans. Consciousness is the state of being 
aware of one's mental acts or states. Sense-perception is perception of an 
object of sense. The psychical elements involved in sense-perception are 
many, but the principal one is the consciousness of particular material 
things present to sense. 

2. Explain what is meant by natural incentives. Ans. By natural incen- 
tives we mean those that are not artificial. Sense of duty, sense of right 
are natural incentives. 

3. Define: (1) Memory, (2) imagination, (3) percept, (4) concept, (.5) 
sensation. Ans. (1) Memory is that faculty of the mind by which we can 
recall former acts or states. (2) Imagination is the faculty of the mind that 
combines, modifies, creates. (3) A percept is single idea received through 
the senses. (4) A concept is a judgment made from percepts. (5) Sensa- 
tion is the effect on the mind produced by percepts and concepts. 

4. Name the best American educational periodicals. Which do you read? 
Ans. The School Journal, Home and School, Pedagogical Journal, Educa- 



213 

tional Review. I read a majority of tliese. 

5. How do you lead your pupils to a real appreciation of literature? Ans. 
I do most of this in the reading lesson, and by showing that I am interested 
myself. 

6. What method would you employ in teaching beginners to read? Ans. 
Since children speak words before letters, for the same reason that it is 
natural, I would use and do use the word method. 

7. What are the objects of education? Ans. That training of all mental, 
moral and physical faculties which will enable a person to make the best 
possible use of himself. 

8. Illustrate the diiTerence between inductive and deductive reasoning. 
Ans. In inductive reasoning we reason from particulars to generals. In de- 
ductive, from general? to particulars. Illustration: Induction — A is mortal, 
B is mortal, C is mortal; A, B, C are men; all men are mortal. Deduction- 
All men are mortal; I am a man; I am mortal. 

9. Name the essentials of a well-ordered school. Ans. A well-qualified 
teacher, sympathetic patrons and trustees, a commodious and well-furnished 
schoolhouse. 

10. Define attention and write briefly of its importance. Ans. Attention 
is that condition of the mind in which one or more of its faculties are 
directed to an object of thought. Attention is the keynote to education. With- 
out it, there can be no progress. With it, nothing is impossible. Attention 
is closely connected with interest. With a pupil that is full of interest and 
attentive, a teacher can do much since the attentive mind of the pupil looks 
forward, even without the teacher, and will reach the desired end. 

WRITING. 

1. Which should receive greater attention — form or movement? Ans. 
While both form and movement are important, I believe, however, that 
movement should receive greater attention, because it gives freedom of the 
muscles, and ultimately will have a great effect on form. 

2. How are skill and speed produced? Ans. Skill and speed are produced 
by appropriate practice, and can not very well be produced in any other way. 

3. Should there be much practice outside of the copy book? Why? Ans. 
I believe that all, or nearly all, practice should be outside the copy book. 
The copy book is to show results of the practice. 

4. Why should the teacher require neatness and care in all written work? 
Ans. Because it will form the habit of neatness, one of the school virtues; 
and besides, a pupil will take more interest in his work if done neatly and 
carefully. 

5. State clearly your manner of conducting an exercise in penmanship. 
Ans. When the hour for writing has arrived the monitors distribute the writ- 
ing material. After this I briefly explain the nature of the exercise for the 
day. The pupils then write while I pass from one to the other drawing 
attention to errors, etc. At the close, I explain on the blackboard how to 



2U 

correct the errors that have been conimitted, after which the monitors 
collect the writing material and place it at the designated place. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Factor: (a) 225x2y*<— 144=9 (25x-'y»*— 16)=3x3'5xy+-4) (5xyM4)Ans. 
(b)4x-+4xy-fy-— 4z-y--t-3y — 40; there must be a misprint in this. 
(3x)2+7y (3x)— 18y2 (3x+9y) (3x— 2y) 

(c) 3x-^-7xy— 6y2= =: = 

3 3 

= (x+3y)(3x— 2y) Ans. 

ABxy f B^y-'-facx— c-^abvy+acx+b-y-'— g2= 
ax(By+c) + (By+c)(By-c) = (Ax+By— c)(By-c) 
2. Find the G. C. D of IGax''— 20ax24-10ax— 6a and 3ax- — 15ax + 12a 
Divide by a. I IGax^^— 20ax2+10ax— 6a i 3ax2-15ax+l-2a 
DrvTde^vY I 16x-'— 20x-'-10x— 6 3x -^— 15x-t-12 Div. by 3. 

^ 8x-'— 10x-'+5x— 3 I x->— 5x— I 

8x3-40x^-^3gx I 8x^30 

30x2— v7x -3 
30x-'— 150 X -1-120 

Divide by 123. 123x— 123 

x2_5x-f 4 I X— 1 G. C. D.=a(x— 1) Ars. 

x2— x x— 4 

~ — 4x-f4 
— 4x+4 



3. Find the L. C M. of 4c2— 9, Gc-^— 5c-| 6 and 6c2+13c-f 6 

4c2— 9=(2c+3)(2c-3) 

6c2 5c— 6=(2c— 3)(3c4-2) L. C. M =(2c^3)(2c-3)(3c-^2) Ans. 
6c2+13c+6=(2c-r3) (3c-f 2) 
4 



OlIIllJ 


4 

1 1 














4 
1+ 

1+ 


4 


— 






x 










Comi 


Tiencing at the bottom 

1 + 


we have 
4 x-4 












X 


X 












4 


4x 


5j 


;-^4 






n- 


x^4 

X 


x+4 


X- 


H 






1+ 


4 
5x-f 


4x-t-16 

- =1+ 

4 5x-f4 


9X+20 
ox-f 4 



x+4 



215 
4 20X+16 



9x+20 9x+20 



Ans. 



5x-^4 

5. A fish was caught whose tail weighed 9 pounds. Its head weighed as 
much as the tail and half its body, and its body weighed as much as head and 
tail together. How much did the fish weigh? 

Let x= weight of the body; then 2x=weight of the fish. 

X 

9+9H — =x 
2 

36^x=2x 

36=x, and 2x or weight of fish=72 pounds. Ans. 

6. When, first after 6 o'clock will the hour and minute hands of a clock 
be 15 minutes apart? 

X 

Let x= minutes after 6. Then in that time the hour hand moves — 

12 

X 

X =15 

12 
12x— x=180, or llx=180 and x=16Vn min. after 6. Ans. 

7. A and C can do a piece of work in 6 days; B and C can do it in 8 days. 
In what time can they all do it working together, if A can do •■?■> as much as B? 

2x 
Let x— time B requires, then A= — and let y=C's time 

3 
13 2 3 15 1 

— 1 = Vi; or ! — = — or — = — and x=rl5. 

X 2x 2x 2x 6 2x 6 

11117 

Also — \ — = — or — = and y=17V7 

15 y 8 y 120 
therefore A requires 10 days; B 15 days; and C, 171? days. Ans. 

8. Extract the cube root out of: 8a-'+12a-— 30a— 35+45a-i+27a-2-27a-3 

8a-H-12a2— 30a— 35+45a-i+27a-2— 27a-^ | 2a+l— 3a-i 
8a-^ Ans. 

12a2— 30a— 35 
12a2+ 6a+ 1 



— 36a— 36+45a-i +27a--'— 27a-3 
— 36a— 36+45a-i +27a-2— 27a-3 

A+i/ir _ 

9. Solve: — =B; clearing of fractions: a ^v'^ x =A B — B\/ x 

a—;/ x 

a(B— 1) a2(B— 1)2 

<B — 1);/ X — a(B — 1), and y/ x -= , and x = Ans. 

B+1 (B-riy- 



218 

10. Two persons started at the same time ar.d traveled towards a place 90 
miles distant. A traveled 1 mile per hour faster than B, and reached the place 
an hour before him. At what rate did each travel? 

Let x=B's rate and x+1— A's rate. 

90 90 
then =1 

X x+1 
90X+90— 90x=x2-fx 
x2+x=90 



4 

1 19 

x= ± — or X = 9 or — 10 but 2d answer is impossible 

2 2 

x+l=10 
Ans. B's rate=9 miles; A's rate=10 miles. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Two cogged wheels working together have 32 and 36 cogs respectively. 
The larger wheel makes 24 revolutions per minute. How many times will the 
same cogs come together in a working day of 10 hours? 

Ans. 24X60X10=^14,400 revolutions of larger wheel in a day. 
L. C. M. of 32 and 36=288. 
14,400^288=50 times. Ans. 

2. Two trains are 210 ft. and 230 ft long respectively. When they ran in 
the same direction, one passed the other in 15 seconds When they ran in op- 
posite directions they passed in 3| seconds. What were their rates per hour? 

Ans. 230 ft. +210 ft . =440 ft , combined length of trains. 
440 

=29J ft., what fast train gained in 1 seconds and 

15 
31X29^=110 ft., what the train gained in 3f seconds. 
440 ft.— 110 f t.=.S30 ft. to be equally dividid or 165 ft. for slow train 
in 31 sec, and 165 ft. +110 ft.=275 ft. for fast train in 3| seconds. 

30 

165X60X60 165X4X60X60 

= =30 miles. Ans. 

31X5280 15X5280 

.,j. ., 480. S. 2 ^ 

275X60X60 275X4X6('X60 

= = 50 miles. Ans. 

31X5280 15X5280 

480 120 2 

3. In erecting a house, I paid three times as much for material as for 
labor. Had I paid o'^ less for material and i'/(, more for labor, the house 
would have cost f2,334. What was the cost of the house? 



217 

Ans. Labor -- 3 times the labor=cost. 
26 57 

— labor-] labor = $2,334 

25 20 

104 times the labor — 285 times the labor=$233,400 

389 times the labor=$233,400; or labor= $600, material=$ 1,800 and 

$2,400= cost. Ans. 

4. A man buys brandy at ?4. 00 a gallon and mixes enough water with it 
so that he makes 50';f in selling at $3.00 a gallon. What per cent of the mix- 
ture is water? 

Ans. $3.00 is 150 ^^ of ?2.00= cost; $4.00 is 200% of $2.00; hence 50 '/f or 
one half of the mixture is water. 

5. A rectangular stone 5 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 3 ft. thick is dropped 
into a cylindrical cistern 6 ft. in diameter in which the water is 8 ft. deep. 
How much will the water rise? 

Ans. 5X3X3=45 cu. ft., contents of the stone. 

36X -7854X8=226. 1952 cu. ft of water in the cistern. 
226.19-52 cu. ft. +45 cu. ft. =271. 1952 cu. ft. in all. 
271.1952 

= 9.5915 ft. and 9.5915 ft —8 ft.=1.5915 + ft. Ans. 

36X7854 

6. A pole 63 ft. long was broken into two unequal pieces, and ^H of the 
longer piece equaled "i of the shorter. What was the length of each piece? 

Ans. '^'t, of the longer='^i shorter % shorter++4 shorter=63 ft. 

1,5 of thelonger=U shorter 'h of shorter=63 ft. ; ^4 of shorter=7ft. 
longer=''4 shorter shorter=2s ft . Ans . 

longer=35 ft. Ans. 

7. A ladder placed 8 ft from the base of a building 40 ft. high, just reach- 
ed the top; how far must it be placed from the base that it may reach a point 
20 ft. from the top? 

Ans. 40-— 8-=1664 =square of the length of the ladder. 
1664— 30-=764=square of dist from the base, 
v/ 762=27. 64 ft. Ans. Or moved 19.64 ft. farther out. Ans. 

8. What is the entire surf ace of a cube, the contents of which are 15,- 
625 cu. ft.? 

Ans. f I5,625=25ft.=edge of the cube. 

6X^52, or 6X625 = 3750 sq. ft. Ans. 

9. A dealer buys goods at J off and 5 Or di.=c. for cash. He pays on de- 
livery . What per cent, discount can be given on list price to make a profit of 
15 per cent? 

Ans. Let $1.0o=cost 1 3 off leaves 66-. V; of the list. 
95% of 66%=63i47, of list, cost to him. 
115 ';/r of 63%%=72%fc of list is his selling price 
thereforel00%— 72%% =271/6% disc, off the list. Ans. 

10. If a 3 ft. sphere can be cut from a 3 ft. log, 3 ft long, what frac- 
tional part of the log is cut away? Show your work. 



218 

Ans. 3-X .7854x3- 21.2058 cu ft. in log. 
a-' X. 5236 =^14.1372 cu. ft. in sphere 

7 0686 cu. ft. waste. 

7.0686 

=^ '•{ Ans. 

21.2058 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. In Kentucky (1) what are the times fixed for elections? (.2) Qualifica- 
tions of voters? Ans. (1) Tuesday after the first Monday of November. (2) 
Male persons over 21 years, who have lived in the State one year, six months 
in the county, and sixty days in the precinct, are voters. 

2. What have been some of the most important treaties entered into on 
the part of the United States? How is a treaty made? Ans. Treaties with 
England, especially the Webster-Ashburton treaty. Treaty establishing the 
Northwest boundary. Treaty with Mexico at the close of the Mexican War. 
Treaties with China. The treaty with Spain at the close of the late war. The 
treaty regarding fisheries, and others. A treaty is made by the President 
and confirmed by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. 

3. By what different methods does the public domain get into possession 
of individuals? Ans. By entering claims and settling on the same; by pur- 
chase; by making certain improvements, as planting trees; by buying of 
corporations, as railroads, etc., which have received grants. 

4. How are amendments to the Constitution proposed and ratified? Ans. 
By a two-thirds vote of Congress, or on the application of two-thirds of the 
Legislatures of the several States amendments may be proposed. They 
must be ratified by the Legislatures in three-fourths of the States or by 
conventions in three-fourths thereof. 

5. How many amendments have been made since 1803. Give in substance 
the provisions of each. Ans. Three amendments have been made: The 
Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment made 
the ex-slaves citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment made them voters. 

6. Give the principal conditions under which new States are admitted into 
the Union. Ans. No new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of 
another State, nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the 
States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

7. The State of Maine desires to make a treaty with Nova Scotia regu- 
lating the catching and sale of fish. Can she do so? Why? Ans. She can 
not, because no State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation. 
See Constitution United States, Article 1, Section 10, First Clause. 

8. W^hat powers are vested in the Governor of Kentucky by the Con- 
stitution? Ans. He is chief executive; commander-in-chief of army and navy 
of the Commonwealth and of the militia; he can fill vacancies in office; 
grant pardons within ceriain limits or rather with certain limitations; he 
may advise and call together the General Assembly; and he shall take care 



219 

that the laws he faithfully executed. 

9. How does the method of choosing a President of the United States 
in 1904 differ from the method in use in 1800? Ans. In 1800 and prior to 
that they elected a President as prescribed in the body of the Constitution. 
They voted for two men, but they did not designate the office. Today, 
according to the Twelfth Amendment, they voce for the two offices sep- 
arately. 

10. Explain the following: Letters of marque and reprisal were licenses 
to go beyond the borders of a State to make reprisals. Ex-post facto law is 
a law which makes an act criminal or increases the punishment thereof, 
which was not criminal or was less severely punished when it was commit- 
ted. Treason consists in making war against the United States or aiding its 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Gerrymander is districting of the 
State for political purposes. Habeas corpus is a writ having for its object 
to bring a party before a court or a jtidge. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define: (1) Metaphor, (2) satire, (3) epigram, (4) synecdoche, (5) allit- 
eration, (6) ellipsis and quote examples. Ans. (1) A metaphor is a figure in 
which, assuming the likeness between two things, we apply to one the term 
which denotes the other. Example: 

Life is a leaf cf paper white, 

Whereon each one of us may write 

His word or two, and then comes night. 
(2) A satire is a literary composition, originally in verse, denouncing 
vice or folly, incapacity or failure and holding it up to ridicule. Example: 
Some of the writings of Pope and Dryden. (3) An epigram is a brief saying, 
so worded as to surprise the hearer or reader. Example: I can not see the 
town for the houses. (4) A synecdoche is a figure in which a part is taken 
for the whole or the whole for a part. Example: The boy has left his 
father's roof. (5) Alliteration is a succession of words commencing with the 
same letter. Example: Allitera'Jcn's apt and artful aid. (6) Ellipsis is the 
omission of words, necessarily understood in order to make sense. Example: 
"A horse; A horse! My kingdom for a horse!" 

2. State the essentials of a good argumentative essay? Give reasons? 
Ans. In an argument we wish to prove something, hence it is of prime im- 
portance ftat the several points be stated concisely with such force that the 
"he"arer will be convinced. Again, it is necessary to show the fallacy of the 
opposing side. It must be remembered that we should use words that con- 
vey the thought exactly as we wish it to be understood, and so that it car 
not be understood in any other way. 

3. (a) Discuss the rhetorical use of prepositions, (b) Use correctly in 
sentences: part from, glad of, a taste for, agree upon, agree with, charge to, 
charge with. Ans. (a) The preposition is one of the parts of speech that is 
difficult to understand thoroughly. At the same time, it is imperative that 



220 

the student of language use this class of words with precision. There are 
many words that may be followed by different prepositions, but in each case 
the meaning of the sentence changes. It is a rare occurrence when we find 
pupils in the lower grades use prepositions correctly. Well directed drill and 
continued practice are essential exercises to accomplish success, (b) We 
part from our friends; I am glad of your success; Pupils should cultivate a 
taste for good literature; The men agreed upon tTie terms of a contract; I 
agree with you in this matter; The suit of clothes was charged to my 
account; The prisoner was charged with grand larceny. 

4. (a) How much composition and what style do you require of pupils be- 
low high school? (b) What attention do you pay to your students' vocabu- 
lary? (c) In what way should the reader or hearer be considered in prepar- 
ing a composition? Ans. (a) I require not less than one composition per 
week; frequently I su.cceed in getting more. I commence with plain style 
until the pupil is prepared for more elaborate work. Often the style changes 
with many pupils from the systematic reading of good literature, by ab- 
sorption, as it were, without any hint in tliat direction on the part of the 
teacher, (b) I pay very careful attention to the students' vocabularies from 
the time they enter school. In reading andi spelling I make haste slowly, 
since no pupil's vocabulary is larger than the amount of words he can actu- 
ally use in conversation or writing, or both, (c) I think it to be a good plan 
to consider reader or hearer as a person or persons to be entertained or 
convinced by the subject matter of the composition. This will act as a stim- 
ulus in the preparation of the production. 

5. Write a composition of 200 words on "The Meaning of True Kentucky 
Citizenship.'' Ans. The term "Kentucky Citizenship" has not at all times 
"been considered a title of honor, but has been, and to some extent truly, a 
term of reproach. There have been, and there are today, citizens in Ken- 
tucky, fortunately in the minority, that have contributed largely to cause the 
name of "Kentucky Citizen" to be held in very low estimate among citizens 
of other States. The feuds in the mountains and the reckless sacrifice of 
human lives there and elsewhere were the work of people who should be con- 
sidered!' as outlaws and be brought before the bar of justice to be dealt 
with as murderers and cutthroats. 

Kentucky can not afford to have its good and honored name dragged 
in the dirt, and it is the duty of every true Kentuckian to aid by every hon- 
orable means in his power in ridding the State of its human rubbish, and 
when this is done, and done well, the State of Boone, Clay, Lincoln, Davis, 
Breckenridge, Carlisle and of a number of others equally as good and true, 
will once more breathe freely, and whoever assists Tn this work, be he judge, 
attorney or private citizen, will be considered as being possessed of the right 
kind of courage and. will be honored by his fellow citizens, as he richly 
deserves. 

TTie work is a vast one, but it must and will be done, and that in the 



221 

near future. "WTien done thoroughly human life will once more be held 
sacred, and the citizens of Kentucky from "Purchase" to "Mountains" will 
rejoice again in "True Kentucky Citizenship." 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What is the pedagogical reason for studying home geography first? 
Ans. In commencing with home geography we obey the well-known maxim: 
"From the known to the unknown." A child knows something of his imme- 
diate surroundings, and, in making these surroundings the subject of geo- 
graphical study, he soon learns how to study in regard to more remote parts 
of the earth. 

2. What is the relation of history to the teachings of geography? Ans. 
Historical events connected with localities studied, or to be studied, make 
the geographical study more attractive, while the study of history without 
the geographical knowledge of places read about, is well nigh worthless 

3. Locate the following and state what important historical fact you asso- 
ciate with each: (1) Jerusalem, (2) Constantinople; (3) St. Augustine; (4) 
Mt. Sinai; (5) Strait of Magellan; (G) Plymouth; (7) Hudson River; (8) Port 
Arthur; (9) Naples; (10) Raisin River. Ans. (1) Jerusalem is in Turkey 
in Asia; ft was destroyed partly in 70 A.D. (2) Constantinople is the cap- 
ital of Turkey; it was taken in 1453 by Mohammedans. (3) St. Augustine is 
in Florida; it was the first permanent settlement in the United States; it 
was settled or built in 1565. (4) Mt. Sinai is a mountain in the northwestern 
part of Asia; on it the ten commandments were given by the Lord to Moses. 
(5) Strait of Magellan is between South America and Tierra del Fuego; it is 
named for Magellan, who made the first circumnavigation of the globe. (6) 
Plymouth is a town in Massachusetts; it was settled by the Puritans in 1620. 
(7) Hudson River is in New York; it was named so because Henry Hudson 
discovered it. (8) Port Arthur is in Manchuria, on the Yellow Sea; it was 
taken by the Japanese in the late war between Russia and Japan. (9) 
Naples is in the southern part of Italy on the Bay of Naples; near it several 
towns have been destroyed by eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius. (10) Raisin River 
is in Southern Canada; a battle was fought there in the War of 1812. 

4. State four causes which affect climate, and give a conspicuous example 
of the effect of each? Ans. (1) Latitude: The further we go toward either 
pole, the colder becomes the climate. The polar regions are almost unin- 
habited. (2) Altitude: or elevation above the sea level; the tops of high 
mountains are perpetually covered with snow and ice. (3j Ocean currents: 
On account of the Gulf Stream the western part of Europe has a much more 
equable climate than the parts of North America in the same latitude. (4) 
Distribution of mountain ranges: The western part of South America, west 
of the Andes, "the Desert of Atacama," is rainless. 

5. (a) What changes in the inclination of the earth's axis would be neces- 
sary so that the sun's vertical rays would reach Lexington, Ky., 37 1/^ degrees, 
north latitude? Ans. Instead of being 23^/^ degrees, as it is now, it would 



222 

have to be 37% degrees, (b) On what days of the year are the days and 
nights equal in all latitudes? What causes the equality? Ans. On or about 
the 20th day of March and September. On those days the vertical rays 
are on the equator, and the slanting rays of the sun reach exactly to the 
North and South Poles. 

7. Draw an outline of the United States and upon it locate the Mississippi 
River, its tributaries and their main branches, naming them. Ans. Consult 
any textbook on Geography. 

8. Name the benefits that will result to the United States from the con- 
struction of the Isthmian Canal? Ans. The sea route from the eastern parts 
of the United States, say from New York to California, will be diminished 
in length more than one-half. It will not be necessary to go around Cape 
Horn, which is a dangerous locality and very stormy. It will also materially 
increase the commerce of the United States with the rest of the world. 

9. Of how much importance are imaginary journey lessons? Why? Ans. 
Imaginary journey lessons call, as the name indicates, the imagination into 
active service. A pupil will have to be able to think connectedly, and for 
this reason may be made very profitable. A pupil will in this way acquire 
a knowledge of the entire earth in a practical manner, such as no textbook 
will supply. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Name the authorities in grammar with which you are familiar? Ans. 
Harvey, Reed and Kellogg. Whitney, Butler, Swinton, Brown and some others. 

2. Give five additional ways in which noun clauses may be used, and illus- 
trate each. Ans. (1) As subject: That the enterprise will succeed, is cer- 
tain. (2) As predicate: The question is: Who will be elected? (3) As ob- 
ject of transitive verb: He promised that he would come. (4) As object of 
a preposition: It depends upon who will do the work. (5) Explanatory mod- 
ifier: It was agreed that John should go av^ay. 

3. What is your aim in teaching the analysis of sentences? Ans. My 
aim is to have pupils see clearly the different relations that words and 
phrases bear to eacn other in a sentence, and to stimulate in pupils the habit 
of resolving a whole into its parts and to determine the relations of these 
parts. 

4. (1) What parts of speech are inflected in the English? (2) Define: 
defective verb, ellipsis, syntax, conjugation, case. Ans. (1) Nouns, pro- 
nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. N. B. Not all adjectives and adverbs can 
be inflected. (2) (a) A defective verb lacks one or more of its principal 
parts. (b) Ellipsis is an omission of words which are obviously un- 
derstood, (c) Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of the construc- 
tion of sentences, (d) Conjugation is the inflection of a verb in all its 
modes, tenses and persons, (e) Case the inflection of nouns and pronouns 
which indicates their relation to other words in the sentence. 

5. Give and illustrate six different uses of the infinitive. Ans. (1) Sub- 



223 

ject; To work is honorable. (2) Predicate: His desire is to succeed. (3) 
Adjective: He has rooms to rent. (4) Object of a transitive verb: I desire 
to please you. (5) Object of a preposition: We are about to go. (6) Ad- 
verb: He works to suit me. 

6. Give the construciion of the black words or expressions, (a) He saw 
a bird somewhat like tTie eagle, (b) He wept like a child, (c) They stood 
opposite the postofflce. (d) They arrived at last, (e) The spring came from 
under the hill, (f) I found the report true, (g) Forgive your friends their 
faults, (h) I knew iiim to be my former enemy, (i) I would rather not go. 
(j) He is present. John is here. Ans. (a) "Somewhat" is an adverb, modify- 
ing "like." (b) "Like" is an adverb, modifying "wept." Some authorities 
call it a conjunctive adverb, and Harvey a preposition, (c) "Opposite" is a 
preposition showing the relation between "stood" and "postoflice". (d) "At 
last" is an adverbial phrase modifying "arrived", (e) "From" is a prep- 
osition showing the relation between "came" and the phrase "under the 
hill." Some would call "from under" a compound preposition, showing the 
relation between "came" and "hill." (f) "Report" is the direct object of 
"found," and "true" is an objective complement <iualifying "report." The 
two words "report" and "true" make a double object, (g) "Friends" is the 
indirect object and "faults" is the direct object of "forgive." (h) "Him to 
be enemy" is a clausal phrase, serving the purpose of a double object of 
"knew." (i) "Rather" is an adverb, modifying "would." (j) "Present" is a 
predicative adjective, and I believe "here" stands exactly in the same rela- 
tion, although a vast majority call "here" an adverb, limiting "is." 

7. Illustrate the following constructions of the relative pronoun: Ans. 
(a) Predicate nominative: I think only personal and interrogative pronouns 
can be so used, (b) Subject of infinitive: The man, whom they supposed to 
be President, proved to be somebody else, (c) Object of infinitive: The 
candidate, whom they wished to nominate, died, (d) Subject of verb: A 
man who is energetic will succeed. 

8. Inflect the following words: (1) Thou, (2) himself, (3) good, (4) may, 
(5) father-in-law. Ans, 

Ans. (1) Sing. Plur. 

Nom , thou. Nom,, vou. 

Poss., thy, thine. Pcss , your. 

Obj., thee. Obj., you. 

(2) Nom., himself. Obj., himself. 
Plur., Nom. and Obj., themselves. 

(3) Positive, "good"; comparative, "better"; superlative, "best". 

(4) Pres. Past. 

I may. I might, 

thou mayst, thou mightsc, 

he may, he might, 

we may, we might, 

you may, . you might, 

they may. they might. 



2'2i 

(5) Singular. Plural.. 

Nom., father-in-law. Poss., fathers-in-law's. 

Poss., father-in-law's. Obj., fathers-in-law. 

Obj., father-in-law. Nom., fathers-in-law. 

HISTORY. 

1. Compare Plymouth and Jamestown; the Puritan and Cavalier. Ans. 
Plymouth was settled by people who sought religious liberty; Jamestown 
was settled by people who sought gold. Plymouth had no charter; James- 
town had a charter. Tlie progress of the colonies was very slow at first. 
The Puritan was religious, accustomed to work and intended to stay; the 
Cavalier was a "stuck-up" gentleman, who wanted to get rich from the gold 
he expected to find and then go back to England to enjoy it. 

2. What great work was accomplished by (1) Commodore Perry? (2) 
Commodore Decatur? (3) Admiral Farragut? (4) Admiral Dewey? (5) 
Admiral Sampson? Ans. (1) On September 9, 1813, he gained the battle of 

Lake Erie. (2) The United States warship Philadelphia had been captured 
by the Tripolitans, and Commodore Decatur destroyed it in the harbor of 
Tripoli in 1804. (3) In the spring of 18G2 he captured New Orleans and in 
August, 18G4, he won the battle in Mobile Bay. (4) Dewey destroyed the 
Spanish fleet at Manila on May 1, 1898. (5) Sampson blockaded the port of 
Havana and bombarded the capital of Porto Rico, San Juan, during April 
and May, 1898. 

3. (1) What States were formed out of the Northwest Territory? (2) 
Out of the Louisiana Purchase? (3) What Territories have not yet been 
admitted as States? (4) Name our island possessions? Ans. (1) Ohio, In- 
diana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, except the part of the last- 
named State which is west of the Mississippi. (2) Thirteen States: Louisi- 
ana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River. North 
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, 
Oklahoma and Indian Territory. (3) There are none in the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, but outside of it, Arizona and New Mexico have not yet been admit- 
ted (1906). (4) Porto Rico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Guam, Tutuila. 

4. Name (a) five European nations that made early explorations in Amer- 
ica, (b) One explorer from each nation, (c) One region visited by each ex- 
plorer, (d) The permanent results, if any, left by each nation. Ans. (a) 
The Norsemen, the Spaniards, the French, the English and the Dutch, (b) 
In the order of (a) Lief Ericson, DeSoto, ChaYnplain, John Smith, Henry 
Hudson, (c) Ericson visited Eastern States of United States; DeSoto dis- 
covered the Mississippi River; Champlain visited New York and discovered 
Lake Champlain; John Smith and others visited and settled Virginia; Henry 
Hudson visited New York and discovered the Hudson River, (d) Spain settled 
St. Augustine and other places; the Norsemen Jeft nothing behind them to 
remember them by; the French made some settlements in Canada, as Quebec, 



225 

also several along the Mississippi and in Louisiana; the English settled nearly 
all the original States, and our American civilization of to-day is English; 
the Dutch settled New York and left some of their customs, which have 
largely influenced life in this State. 

5. (1) What financial crisis did the United States have to meet early in its 
history? (2) How was it met? (3) Under the leadership of what statesman? 
Ans. (1) There was no money with which the United States could pay its 
debts. (2) Washington prevailed upon Congress to assume the State debts. 
A bank of the United States was established, a duty was levied on trading 
ships, also on imports, and a mint was established. (3) Alexander Hamilton 
was the leader, Washington's Secretary of the Treasury. 

6. Give the arguments for and against slavery as they would have been 
given by typical Southerners and Northerners. Ans. The South claimed 
slaves as property, bought with their money like cattle or other property, 
and which could be sold In like manner. They thought that capital should 
own labor, and in the South it did. The North claimed that no human being 
could be owned by any other human being. Capital and labor were in the 
North both free. 

7. Explain any three of the following terms: 

(1) Mason and Dixon's Line — Was the boundary between Pennsylvania 

and Maryland. It was in substance the dividing line between 
slave States and free States. 

(2) Squatter Sovereignty — Was the right of people of any territory to 

decide for themselves whether or not they wanted slavery. 

(3) Contraband of War — During the Civil War General Ben Butler called 

the negroes "contraband of war," and set them to work on 
trenches, etc. 

(4) Specie Resumption — On January 1, 1879, the United States com- 

menced the redemption of United States greenbacks for gold. 

(5) Spoils System — Many persons believe that after an election has 

been held, the victorious party should hold all the offices and "turn 
out" the oflfice holders of the opposing party. It is expressed by 
Macy's maxim: "To the victors belong the spoils." 

8. Make a statement of historic interest about the following: 

(1) Daniel Webster — Was United States Senator of Massachusetts. 

(2) Henry Clay — Was Senator of Kentucky. 

(3) Samuel Adams — Was active in advocating American independence. 

(4) John C. Fremont — The Pathfinder, assisted in conquest of California. 

(5) Elias Howe — Invented the sewing machine. 

(6) Joseph Smith — Founded the sect of the Mormons. 

(7) De Witt Clinton — Constructed the Erie Canal. 

(8) Cyrus W. Field — Invented the electro-magnetic telegraph. 

(9) Ft. Duquesne — Pittsburg now. was one of the points of attack during 

the French and Indian war. 



226 

(10) George Custer — Lost his life in fight with Indians on June 25, 1876. 
9. Mention three financial measures advocated by Hamilton for raising a 
revenue and strengthening the credit of the nation. Ans. (1) Assumption by 
Congress of all debts. (2) Protective tariff. (3) Tax on vessels. 

10. Write briefly upon the Mexican War: (a) causes, (b) righteousness or 
unrighteousness- (c) transfer of territory, (d) other results. Ans. (a) The 
cause was dispute of boundary between Texas and Mexico, (b) It was un- 
righteous from first to last, one-sided, a weak nation against a strong one. 
(e) All the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi not included 
in the Louisiana Purchase, and south of Oregon, (d) The settlement of the 
boundary of the United States and Mexico was not fully settled till the 
Gadsden Purchase in 1854. 

LITERATURE. 

1. What value do you attach to the plan of having pupils commit to mem- 
ory choice poems and selections? Ans. After having' tried the above for a 
number of years:, I am free to say that of all things I have tried in the school- 
room the committing to memory of choice selections has been more productive 
of good results to a large number of pupils than any other device I ever 
experimented with. 

2. Name ten books which are adapted to the capacity of eighth grade 
pupils, and name the author of each. Ans. (1) The Jungle Book, by Kipling; 
(2) The Second Jungle Book, by Kipling; (3) The Wonder Book, by Haw- 
thorne; (4) Hiawatha, by Longfellov*' ; (5) Evangeline, by Longfellow; (6) 
Ivanhoe, by Scott; (7) David Copperfield, by Dickens; (8) Dombey and Son, 
by Dickens; (9) The Deerslayer, by Cooper; (10) Scottish Chiefs, by Porter. 

3. Name five of Shakespeares works, and five or Irving's works. Sketch 
one briefly. Ans. Shakespeare wrote: Julius Caesar, The Merchant of Venice, 
Othello, As You Like It, Hamlet. . Irving wrote: Sketch Book, Knickerbocker 
History of New York, Bracebridge Hall, the Alhambra, Life of Washington. 
In his Knickerbocker History of New York, Irving has shown himself to be 
a m.aster hand at burlesque. It is one of the greatest burlesques in the 
language. He pictures out in life-like colors Walter the Dolibter (van Twil- 
ler), William the Testy (Kieft), and Peter the Headstrong (Stuyvesant). He 
wrote so well that it was a long time before the Dutch could really forgive 
him. 

4. Name three great American poets, and mention one work of each. 
Describe one briefly. Ans. William Cullen Bryant wrote "Thanatopsis." 
H. W. Longfellow wrote "Evangeline." O. W. Holmes wrote "Old Ironsides." 
When Holmes was a student at college. Congress had determined to tear 
down the ship Constitution (Old Ironsides), and sell the material. Holmes 
did not think this was right, and wrote the poem. The result was that "Old 
Ironsides" was not torn down, but repaired. 

5. In what literary productions do the following appear as characters: 



227 

(1) Portia; (2) John Alden; (3) Mr. Micawber; (4) McDufE; (5) Hester 
Prynn? Ans. (1) Portia appears in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar," and 
another Portia in "The Merchant of Venice." (2) John Alden appears in 
Longfellow's "Courtsaip of Miles Standish." (3) Mr. Mica^Yber appears in 
Dickens' "David Copperfield." (4) McDuff appears in Shakespeare's "Mac- 
beth." (5) Hester Prynn appears in Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter." 

6. Name four American historians and a masterpiece of each. Ans. 
(1) Bancroft (1800-1891) wrote a "History of the United States." (2) Motley 
(1814-1877) wrote "The Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic." (3) Prescott 
(179G-1859) wrote a "KTstory of Ferdinand and Isabella." (4) Parkman 
(1823-1893) wrote "The French and English in North America." 

7. Who wrote: 

"The Canterbury Tales"? Ans. Chaucer. 

"Comus"? Ans. J. Milton. 

"Rasselas"? Ans. Samuel Johnson. 

"The Traveler"? Ans. V/. Irving. 

"Marmion"? Ans. W. Scott. 

"The Ring and the Book"? Ans. Robert Browning. 

"The Chambered Nautilus"? Ans. O. W. Holmes. 

"Death of the Flowers"? Ans. W. C. Bryant. 

"The Marble Faun"? Ans N. Hawthorne. 

"Utopia"? Ans. Thomas More. 

8. Who were the leading contemporaries of Robert Burns? Ans. Cowper, 
Lamb, Scott, Wordsworth. 

9. Quote from tv.o of the following: Tennyson, Burns, Bryant, Whittler; 
Ans. Tennyson: 

"One God, one law, one element. 
And one far-off divine event 
To which the whole creation moves." 

— ^"In Memoriam." 
Burns: 

"Give me ae spark o' Nature's fire. 
That's a' the learning I desire; 
Then tho' I drudge thro' dub an' mire 
At plough or cart, 
My muse, though hamely in attire, 
May touch the heart." 

— "Epistle to John I^apraik." 
10. Name: (a) Four American women who have attained literary prom- 
inence? Ans. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Margaret Fuller, Helen H. Jackson, 
Frances H. Burnett, (b) Four living poets? Ans. James W. Riley, Richard 
Watson Gilder, Madison Cawehi, Weir Mitchell, (c) Four living writers of 
fiction? Ans. W. D. Howells, Edmund C. Stedman, Samuel L. Clemens, 
James Lane Allen. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 
1. Mention some sanitary conditions that should prevail about every 



228 

schoolhouse and (b) mention some common unsanitary ones. Ans. In the 
absence of better appliances, windows should be so constructed that they 
can be lowered from top and raised from the bottom. The yard should be 
free from weeds and other refuse matter. The floor of the schoolroom should 
be clean and free from dust, (b) Proximity of graveyards, bad wells, weeds 
on the premises. 

2. Explain why a person who is unconscious from a fit of fever still 
breathes regularly? Ans. It is because the organs of respiration are con- 
trolled by involuntary muscles — i. e., muscles not under control of the will. 

3. (1) Give the names of five bones which protect the organs they enclose 
and (2) five that are more especially used as framework. Ans. (1) Frontal, 
occipital, temporal, parietal, ribs. (2) Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, 
fibula. 

4. (1) Name and locate the glands of the body. (2) Describe the ear and 
give three cautions for its care. Ans. (1) The principal glands of the body 
are: (a) the liver, situated on the right side of the abdominal cavity; (b) 
kidneys, situated one on each side of the backbone; (c) pancreas, situated 
behind the stomach; (d) parotid, sub-maxillary, sub-lingual (salivary glands), 
situated in the mouth; (e) lachrymal glands, secreting tears; (f) sebaceous 
glands, under the skin (oil glands) ; (g) gastric, intestinal, in the alimentary 
canal. (2) The ear is the organ of hearing. It consists of (a) the external 
ear, which comprises the pinna, and the external auditory canal; (b) a middle 
ear, ear drum or tympanum, traversed by a chain of bones: malleus, incus, 
stapes, and communicating with the pharynx by the Eustachian tube; (c) an 
internal ear, or labyrinth, the essential organ of hearing, and containing 
otoliths, cochlea, and auditory nerve. We should guard against blows on 
the head, extremely cold water and the introduction of sharp instruments 
into the ear, because any of the above may injure the hearing or cause 
deafness. 

5. Does the wax of the ear serve any purpose? What? Ans. Yes. It 
serves to keep out dust and insects. 

6. Give five rules for the care of the eye. Ans. (1) Do not read small 
print. (2) Do not read by a dim light. (3) Do not read on railroad cars or 
street cars. (4) Keep out dust and other material. (5) If needed, wear 
glasses that exactly fit or suit the eye. 

7. Tell what and where each is: 

(1) Epiglottis: is the valve like organ on the glottis, preventing food 

to go into the larynx. 

(2) Pericardium: it is the covering of the heart. 

(3) Capillaries: small bloodvessels at the extremities of both arteries 

and veins. 

(4) Peritoneum: the membrane enclosing the lower viscera. 

(5) Iris: is a membrane that gives the color to the eye. 

8. (1) Name the digestive organs in their order. (2) Tell where the dif- 



229 

ferent fluids enter, and their uses. Ans. (1) Mouth, teeth, oesophagus, 
stomach, small intestines, large intestines. (2) The saliva, which converts 
starch to sugar, enters into the mouth; the gastric juice, which dissolves 
albuminoids, enters into stomach; the bile, which dissolves fat, and the 
pancreatic fluids, which act on starch, enter into the duodenum. 

9. Name seven hindrances to digestion. Ans. (1) Rapid eating, (2) irreg- 
ular eating, (3) worry, (4) eating too soon after work, (5) work too soon 
after eating, (6) overeating, (7) lack of exercise. 

10. Describe the femur as to location, structure and shape. How does it 
articulate? Describe joints? Ans. The femur is the bone of the upper leg; 
it is round, and the largest bone in the body. It articulates on top with the 
pelvis and below with the tibia and fibula. Above it makes a ball and socket 
and below a hinge joint. 

READING. 

1. What method would you use in beginning reading? Why? Show how 
you would follow it. Ans. I would use the word method. I would use this 
method because a child commences to speak by words, and for that reason 
I consider it the natural method. 

2. What may cause too rapid reading? How, then, may this fault be 
remedied? Ans. Lack of thinking and insufiicient attention to the subject 
matter to be read, may cause rapid reading. By causing pupils to think and 
to read so that the thought intended by the author shall be expressed. 

3. Name three poems to be taught pupils in the first year; in third year; 
in seventh year. Ans. First year: "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"; "The 
Brown Thrush"; "Snow Song." Third year: "We Are Seven"; "Hiawatha"; 
"The Children's Hour." Seventh year: "To a Waterfowl"; "Enoch Arden"; 
"The Raven." 

4. Write a short sketch of your favorite author, and name three of his best 
works. Ans. Charles Dickens, one of England's greatest novelists, was born 
in 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. His father was a clerk in the 
navy pay office. He was a kind, well-intentioned man, but careless and hot 
able to provide for his family as he should have done. He moved about from 
place to place, and finally landed in a debtors' prison. This blasted Charles' 
hopes for a good education, and he was compelled to do some very uncon- 
genial labor, in order to provide as far as he was able for the wants of the 
family. He subsequently was sent to school for a season, and at fifteen 
years of age he was employed in a lawyer's office. Here he began the study 
of shorthand to qualify himself as reporter. He soon drifted into the writing 
for periodicals, and henceforth he was successful. His works are many. 
Among his best novels are: "The Pickwick Papers," "David Copperfield," 
"The Old Curiosity Shop." He died in 1870. 

5. How much time do you give to the teaching of reading, as compared 
with arithmetic; with grammar and language? Ans. Although it might vary 



280 

somewliat in different schools, I give reading as much time as I give arith- 
metic, or grammar and language, since I consider it the most important, by 
far, of all school studies. It is, in fact, the key or one of the keys that unlock 
the gates to all the ethers. With very small children I increase the time 
allotted to reading considerably. 

SPELLING. 

1. Define and illustrate: (1) a stem; (2) prime word; (3) suffix. Ans, 
(1) A stem is that part of a word that remains unchanged. Illustration: 
learn (stem), learning, learned. (2) A prime word is not derived from any 
other. Illustration: man. (3) A suffix is a syllable added at the end of a 
word. Illustration: "hood" in childhood. 

2. Define philology and discuss its value in the study of literature. Ans. 
Philology is the comparative study of different languages. It includes the 
criticism and interpretation cf auiliors, and whatever relates to the present 
stage of the language. By philology we learn to determine to what extent 
an author uses Anglo-Saxon words or words of other languages. 

3. What are the three important classes cf foreign words in our lan- 
guage? Mention seme distinguishing features of each. Ans. (1) Norman 
French, used much in treatises on law. (2) Latin, used in the first place 
in ecclesiastical literature. (3) Greek has contributed many terms in mod- 
ern science. 

4. (a) Define antonyms Give five pairs, (b) Give homonyms and illus- 
trate their correct use in sentences. Ans. (a) Antonyms are words having 
opposite meanings: light and dark, much and little, difficult and easy, cheap 
and dear, fat and lean, (b) Homonyms are words pronounced alike, but 
different in meaning. Illustration: "write" — ^I "write" several letters every 
day; "rite" — The "rite" of this church is established; "right" — He did "right" 
to refuse; "wright"— He was a well good "wright," a carpenter (Chaucer) 
or he is a mill-wright. 

5. Spell: theorem, corollary, laboratory, paraffin, dominant, philosophy, 
electrophorus, definition, ellipsis, Seoul, factitive, approximate, thoracic, 
surd, hydrogen, Negaunee, Asuncion, histology, quadratic, Kaskaskia, am- 
bassador, jubilee, breathe, Seine, aggrieve. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Discuss apperception with special reference to its application in teach- 
ing. Ans. Apperception is one of the first steps in the elaborative operation 
of assimilation. It is an elementary classification or trying to unite (assim- 
ilate) any new concyst to others previously acquired. This shows the use of 
apperception in teaching. In fact, the H-:;rbartian term "apperception" is 
well nigh the same as "assimilation." 

2. Discuss the aims and educational values of some one subject in the 
school curricr.lum. Ans. Of all branches of the school curriculum, reading 
I consider almost as important as all other studies combined. It is the key 
to all stored knowledge and as to its educational value it is a study that 



231 

gives acquisition, assimilation, and reproduction — more than can be said of 
any other subject. 

3. What subjects are most conducive to the development of moral excel- 
lence in the pupil? Say something about how one of these subjects should 
be taught to bring out this value. Ans. Reading, taught so as to create a 
taste for good literature and history, by dwelling especially on the lives of 
our great and noble men, are in my estimation the only two subjects that 
will cause pupils to try to imitate the examples set before them and, most 
certainly, will make them better men and women. 

4. Name some good and some bad aims in examinations. Give reasons 
for your classification. Ans. If there be any good in school examinations, 
one of its redeeming qualities is that the pupil learns to work under "high 
pressure." This will lead him to acquire self-possession. It also may give 
hirn a true test, in a certain sense, of his real knowledge and teach him 
to express what he knows in good language. On the other hand, knowledge 
of facts does not necessarily show mental growth. Also rivalry and jeal- 
ously among pupils might be caused by examinations. 

5. Distinguish between instruction and training. Ans. Instruction is 
■giving knowledge oJ facts, new ideas, etc. Its result is knowledge. Training 

is causing an L.g" ^r faculty, by constant well directed practice, to work 
rapidly and well. Its result is skill. 

6. State five conditions found in a well ordered school that contribute to 
moral training. Ans. Punctuality, accuracy, neatness, industry, obedience. 

7. Treat of proper and improper incentives to study. Ans. Among the 
proper incentives are: Desire for success and excellence; desire for knowl- 
edge, mental power, self control and self respect; desire for usefulness; a 
sense of honor and duty. Among the improper incentives may be classed 
prizes which are no real incentive for all ptxpils, since some are mentally 
stronger than others. Likewise, privileges and immunities are open to the 
same objection. A sense of duty and honor is the highest incentive and 
v/ill rroduce the best results. 

8. Illustrate the application of the maxims, ''From particulars to the 
general," and "From the known to the unknown." Ans. If we find that heat 
expands gold, silver, iron, copper, etc., we conchide that "Heat expands all 
metals." This is what is called the inductive method. If in teaching geog- 
raphy, we begm v/ith our immediate surroundings and gradually expand 
we illustrate the second maxim. This is the logical method in teaching, and 
in many instances the best. 

9. What, in your opinion, is the worst fault in the country school? Ans, 
I think that imperfect grading and lack of necessary apparatus are among 
the worst faults 

10. Show two causes of waste in the recitation, and suggest remedies. 
Ans. If pupils arc asked to recite in the order in which they sit much of 
the recitation may be wasted for a careless pupil. By changing the order 
we can remedy this. Also, if pupils lecite in the language of the book, it 



232 

may be a waste of time, since it improves only tlie memory power of the 
pupils, and nothing more. The remedy is to compel pupils to recite in their 
own language, not in that of the book. 

WRITING. 

1. Name in the order of importance the three essentials of good penman- 
ship. Ans. Uniformity of (1) size, (2) slant, (3) space; or, (1) neatness, 
(2) legibility. (.3) despatch. 

2. State two advantages and two disadvantages of the vertical system. 
Ans. 1. Advantages, (a) it is easily learned, (b) it is legible. 2. Disad- 
vantages, (a) it is a slow method, (b) not adapted to business. 

3. (1) What is the purpose of the study and the practice of the prin- 
ciples of penmanship? (2) Of practice upon exercises known as movement 
drills? (3) Of requiring pupils to write between two lines one space apart? 
(4) State the objection urged against the last-named practice. Ans. (1) The 
purpose is to systematize the work. (2) The purpose is to acquire perfect 
control of the muscles. (3) The purpose is to insure uniformity in size. 
(4) The objection is the same as there would be to learning to walk behind 
a chair and continuing the practice. 

4. Would you require a left-handed pupil to "write with his right hand"? 
State fully your reasons for the course you would pursue. Ans. I would ad- 
vise him to learn to write his right hand, to do it, however, as a practice. 
I would not compel him to write with his right hand, any more than I 
would compel a "right-handed pupil" to write with his left hand. At the 
school where I received my first instruction we were taught to write both 
"right" and "left" handed. I would not recommend it. 

5. Give examples of four exercises you would use in establishing and 
promoting free-arm movement. Aus. Consult Spencerian or any other kinds 
of copy books, or any books on penmanship. 

ARITHMETIC 

1. Tell how you teach multiplication of fractions Illustrate by -aX''-;. 
Ans. % is Vry of 4; multiply -:j by 4, this gives "I:!. Next, divide this last 

result by 5 and '^:W-5=^i.-.. We can reach the same result by multiplying num- 
erators and multiplying the denominators. 

2. Find the capacity in bushels of a bin 4X5X6 ft. 
Ans. 4X5X6X.803 = 96.36 bushels. Ans. 

3. If I buy an article at 40 and lo off, and sell at the list price, what is 
per cent of gain? 

Ans. $1.00— $.40=$.60; 1.60— $.06 $.5 i cost. 

$1.00—?. o4 =-$.46 profit and »'j.-.iX 1^0 - 85%7 >/(, . Ans. 

4. A note of $50 J bearing 8 '/f from date, due in 1 yr. from date is dis- 
counted at lO-; at a bank 5 months after date of the note. What was received 
for the note? 

Ans. $')00 i $40=$o40 amount of note at maturity. 

Interest on $540 for 7 mos. at lO'v is :31.50; Proceeds=$540-$31.50 
^$508.50? Ans. 



233 

5. If a man can do a piece of work in 9 days working 7' a hours a day, in 
how many days of 8' 4 hrs. each can he do the same work? 

Ans. x9='*%nX9=8 days. Ans. 

8U 
6- Divide two hundred eighty and eight thousand twelve ten- thousandths 
ty twelve thousandths. 

Ans. 280.8012--.0120=23400 1 Ans. 
7. Extract the cube root of 166375 



Ans. 1 166375=55 Ans. 

8. A real estate dealer sold two houses for $2,400 each. On one he gained 
25':/, on the other he lost 239^ . Did he gain or lose in the two transactions, 
and how much. 

Ans. $24' 0-"4 of $1920 
$2400=-'4 of $3200 



Sell price 14800 $5120 cost. Loss is $320. Ans. 

9. How many times will a wheel 4 feet in diameter revolve in going a 
mile? 

Ans. 3.1416 ■4=12.5664 ft. circumference of wheel. 

1 mi]e=5280 ft. and 5280 ft. —12 5664=420.2 Ans. 

10. Analyze: Of two numbers one is "^11 less than the other. The sum 
of the numbers is 136. Find the numbers. 

Ans. If largest number is 11 the less is 8 and both 19 

136-7-i9=7'1i!( the number of times 11 and 8 are to be taken. 
llX7%9=78iyi9 Ans. 
8X73/i9=57-')i9 Ans. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. How is the President elected? Ans. The President is elected by the 
Electoral College on the third Monday in January, following the election 
for electors. 

2. What Constitutional provision regarding money? Ans. Congress has 
the power to coin mon-i-y and declare value thereof. 

3. Name three branches of the government. Ans. Legislative, executive, 
judicial. 

4. What are the powers and duties of each branch? Ans. The legislative 
blanch makes the laws; the executive executes the laws; the judicial sees 
whether or not they are conformable to the Constitution. 

5. What is meant by impeachment? Ans. By impeachment is meant the 
exhibition of charges of maladministration against a high public officer. 

6. How is the United States Government supported? Ans. By taxes on 
Internal Revenue and by duties on imports. 

8. How long dres a United States Senator hold office? How elected? 
Ans. A Senator holds office for six years. The State Legislatures elect them. 

7. Name seven things which Congress may not do. Ans. 1. The writ 
of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless the public safety requires it. 



234 

2. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 3. No direct tax 
except in proportion to census. 4. No preference shall be given to ports of 
one State over those of another. 5. No tax shall be levied on articles ex- 
ported from any Slate. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted. 
9. Name five acts prohibited to the States. Ans. 1. No State shall make 
a treaty. 2. No State shall coin money. 3. No State shall make anything 
a legal tender except gold or silver. 4. No State can pass bill of attainder 
or ex post facto law. 5. No State can grant a title of nobility. 

10. Who is the-chief executive oflicer of a county? Ans. The Sheriff is the 
chief executive oflicer. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Define and illustrate: Loose sentence, periodic sentence, balanced sen- 
tence. Ans. In a loose sentence the thought is complete before the close 
of the sentence. Illustration: The child soon becomes a boy, and he is sent 
out into the rough world, where all the nonsense about giants and fairies 
is soon knocked out of him. 2. In a periodic sentence the thought is not 
complete before the close of the sentence. Illustration: While a consider- 
able part of the army of Bengal was thus engaged at a distance, a new and 
formidable danger menaced the frontier. 3. In a balanced sentence the two 
parts are set over against each other. Illustration: Talent is something, 
tact is everything. 

2. Point out and name the figures in: 

(a) A decision of the bench. Ans. "Bench" is a metonymy. 

(b) Pie wears the rose of youth upon him. Ans. "Rose" is a metaphor. 

(c) A dry and thirsty land. Ans. "Dry" and "thirsty" are personifi- 

cations. 

(d) Man shall live by the sweat of his brow. Ans. This is a synecdoche. 

3. Write a letter lo the American Book Company, Cincinnati, O., asking 
for copy of "White's School Management." 

Ans. Louisville, Ky., Aug. 4, 190G. 

American Book Co., Cincinnati, O. 

Gentlemen: You will find enclosed one dollar, for which please to send 
me at your earliest convenience, one copy of "White's School Management." 
By doing so you will greatly oblige, Yours respectfully, 

G. W. BUCKNER. 

4. Give a list of books which the teacher of Rhetoric and Composition 
will find almost indispensable. Ans. "The MothT Tongue", by Arnold Kitt- 
ridge; Kellogg's Rhetoric, Lockwood's Composition, Waddy's Rhetoric. 

5. Write a composition of 1-50 words on "The Industrial Education of 
the Colored Race." Ans. The problem, how the colored rsce can advance 
most rapidly in intelligence and in social standing, has been discussed for 
several decades. The solution lies in the industrial education of the colored 
race. Booker Washington has done more than any one man of his race 
to solve the problem satisfactorily. At the Tuskeegee (Ala.) Institute much 



235 

gcod has been done and still more remains to be done, and will be done. 
By teaching colored people to learn a trade and become self-sustaining the 
"negro problem" will work out itself without any outside interference. The 
trouble with many colored people has been and, to some extent still is, that 
Ihey are idle and shiftless, and in many localities are a burden upon the 
v.-hite people and the more industrious negroes. Now, if the idle and im- 
provident are given to understand that they must work, if they are able- 
bodied, and that the community will see to it that they must cease to be 
burdens and "dead weights," a change will soon come and the problem will 
be solved. As we said above, much has been done and we are certain that 
no backward steps will be taken. More Booker Washingtons and men like 
him will not be long in solving the problem completely and confer a lasting 
benefit upon the colored race and upon the world at large. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name in the order of size the five most extensive countries in the 
world, including dependencies. Ans. British Empire, Russia, China, United 
States, France. 

2. Explain the motions of the earth and their results. Ans. The daily 
rotation en its axis causes changes of day and night. The yearly revolution' 
around the sun is one of the causes of change of seasons. 

3. Name five limited monarchies. Give capital and most important river 
of each. 

Ans. Great Britain — Capital, London; important river, Thames. 
Germany — Capital, Berlin; important river, Vistula. 
Austro-Hungary — Capital, Vienna; important river, Danube. 
Italy^ — Capital, Rome; important river, Tiber. 
Spain — Capital, Madrid; important river, Tagus. 

4. (1) Name the greatest desert; (2) highest mountain; (3) largest ocean; 
(4) most populous country; (5) largest river system in the woi'ld. Ans. 
(1) Sahara Desert; (2) Mt. Everest; (3) Pacific Ocean; (4) China; (5) Ama- 
zon system. 

5. Name the three most important wheat-raising countries. Ans. United 
States, Russia, India. 

6. Name the six largest ports in the United States. Ans. New York, 
Boston, Baltimore, New Orleans, Mobile, San Francisco. 

7. In going from Pittsburg, Pa., to Mobile, Ala., tell on what waters you 
would sail and five important cities you would, pass. Ans. Waters^: Ohio 
River, Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico, Mobile Bay. Cities: Cincinnati, Louisville, 
St. Louis, Vicksburg, New Orleans. 

8. What State produces^ most (1) tobacco, (2) cotton, (3) iron, (4) wine? 
Ans. (I) Kentucky, (2) Texas, (3) Michigan (in 1901 Minnesota), (4) Cali- 
fornia. 

9. Name three conditions which largely determine the temperature of a 
locality, (b) Select a locality which illustrates each answer. 



236 

Ans. (1) Latitude — Yakutsk in Siberia. 

(2) Altitude — The city of Quito in Ecuador, on Equator, 

(3) Oceanic Currents — London, England, in latitude of Labrador. 

10. Compare with respect to climate the Pacific coast of Alaska with the 
Atlantic coast of Labrador, (b) Give reasons for conditions. Ans. On account 
of the warm current (Equatorial) across the Pacific ocean, the climate of 
Alaska is moderate, while on account of a cold (polar) current on the coast 
of Labrador the climate is cold, and even colder than it would naturally be 
on account of its latitude. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Inflect the following words: 

(1) He. Ans. He, his, him, they, their, them. 

(2) Lovely. Ans. Lovely, lovelier, loveliest. 

(3) Mouse. Ans. Mouse, mouse's, mouse, mice, mice's, mice. 

(4) Who. Ans. Who, whose, whom. 

(5) That. Ans. Not inflected. 

(6) I. Ans. I, my, me, we, our, us. 

(7) Man. Ans. Man, man's, man, men, men's, men. 

(8) Handsome. Ans. Handsome, handsomer, handsomest. 

(9) Bad. Ans. Bad, worse, worst. 

(10) Whoever. Ans. Whoever, whosever, whomever. 

2. Write the singular and plural possessive of these nouns: 

(1) Eeef. Ans. Beef's, beeves'. 

(2) Basis. Ans. Basis's, bases'. 

(3) Hero. Ans. Hero's, heroes'. 

(4) Solo. Ans. Solo's, solos'. 

(5) Englishman. Ans. Englishman's, Englishmen's. 

(6) Gerrr.an. Ans. German's, Germans'. 

(7) Commander-in-chief. Ans. Commander-in-chief's, Commanders-in- 

chief's. 

(8) Radius. Ans. Radius's, radii's. 

(9) Miss Brown. Ans. Miss Brown's, Miss Browns'. 
(10) Ox-cart. Ans. Ox-cart's, ox-carts'. 

3. Name four classes of pronouns, and define each. 

Ans. (1) Personal pronouns show by their form what person they are. 

(2) Possessive pronouns represent the possessor and the thing pos- 

sessed. 

(3) Relative pronouns represent an antecedent and connect a clause. 

(4) Interrogative pronouns are: "who," "which," "what," used in 

asking questions. 

4. Parse the words in black in: A train a mile long, bearing the soldiers, 
wound through the valley. 

Ans. "train" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., rom.. subject of "wound." 



237 

"mile" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj., without governing word. 

"long" is an adj., descr., positive, limits "train." 

"bearing" is a part., pres., used as adj., limits "train." 

"wound" is a verb, irreg., intrans., ind., past, 3d, sing., to agree with 

subject, 
"valley" is a noun, com., 3d, sing., neut., obj. case, obj. of prep. 

"through." 

5. Write sentences to illustrate the use of: 

(1) "sit": I sit in a chair; "set": I set the inkstand on the table. 

(2) "lie": He lies on the floor; "lay": You lay your book in the wrong 

place. 

(3) "sweet": This peach is sweet; "sweetly": The bird sings sweetly. 

(4) "because": I do this because I must; "since": I have not been home 

since Monday. 

(5) "less": He Vrorks less than before; "lest": Take care, lest you hurt 

yourself. 

6. Name the different kinds of clauses, and give examples of each. 
Ans. Noun clause: That the earth is round, can be proven. 

Adjective clause: A man who is industrious can find work. 
Adverbial clause: Come, where the lilies bloom. 

7. Compare: noble, less, beautiful, bad. Ans. Noble, nobler, noblest; 
little, less, least; beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; bad, worse, worst. 

8. Conjugate the verb eat in: Ind. pres., pres. perf., past perf. and fut. 
perf., subj. pres., and past. 

Ans. Ind. pres.: I eat, thou eatest, he eats, we eat, you eat, they eat. 

Pres. peif. : I have eaten, thou hast eaten, he has eaten, we have 

eaten, you have eaten, they have eaten. 
Past perf.: I had eaten, thou hadst eaten, he had eaten, we had eaten. 

you had eaten, they had eaten. 
Fut. perf.: I shall have eaten, thou wilt have eaten, he will have 

eaten, we shall have eaten, you will have eaten, they will have 

eaten. 
Subj. pres.: If I eat, if thou eat, if he eat, if vr-e eat, if you eat, if 

they eat. 
Past.: If I ate, if thou ate, if he ate, if we ate, if you ate, if they ate. 

9. Name the parts of grammar. Define each, (b) Upon which do you 
place most stress? Ans. Etymology treats of derivation, classification, and 
uses of words. Syntax treats of the arrangement of words. Prosody, Oi'thog- 
raphy and Orthoepy do not belong to grammar. I treat etymology and syntax 
as of equal importance. 

HISTORY. 

1. How did General Wolfe effect the capture of Quebec? (b) What were 

the results of Wolfe's victory? Ans. By scaling "The Heights of Abraham," 

General Wolfe captured Quebec, but in so doing lost his life, (b) Soon the 

rest of Canada fell into the hands of the British, and the French and Indian 



238 

War was over. 

2. What event gave rise to great agitation of Civil Service reform? (b) 
What does Civil Service reform seek to accomplish? Ans. The promiscuous 
turning out of office of oflTice- holders who differed in politics from the party 
in power. It was Marcy's maxim: "To the victors belong the spoils." (b) 
Civil Service seeks to imprcve the class cf officers, regardless of political 
affiliation. 

3. Tell the story of the HuguenotS' in the New World, (b) Who Avas 
Frobisher? (c) Drake? (d) Raleigh? Ans. V7hen, in 1685, Louis XIV. of 
France revoked the Edict of Nantes, many of the Huguenots (French Protest- 
ants) fled, and some went to the United States. The State of South Carolina, 
especially, received many of these desirable immigrants, who proved to be a 
great benefit to any locality that they chose for residence, (b) Frobisher 
was the first English explorer to seek a Northwest passage, (c) Drake was 
the first Englishman v,ho circumnavigated the globe, (d) Sir Walter Raleigh 
made the first attempt at colonization. It was unsuccessful. 

4. When and how did we obtain Alaska? Who discovered the Philippines? 
Ans. We bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. (b) Magellan. 

5. Name the great naval battles of our country, and describe one of them. 
Ans. The fight between Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the Battle cf Lake 
Erie, Battle of New Orleans, Battle of Mobile, Battle of Manila, and the Battle 
in vr-hich Cervera's fleet was captured, (b) On May 1, 1898, Commodore (now 
Admiral) Dev/ey destroyed the Spanish fleet under Admiral Montejo in 
Manila Harbor, without the loss of a man on his own fleet. 

6. Give an account of the first bloodshed in the Civil War. Ans. On 
Api-il 19, 1861, while a Massachusetts regiment was marching to Washington 
on the streets of Baltimore, several soldiers and civilians' were killed. 

7. Who was Lincoln's immediate successor? Ans. Andrew Johnson. 
Nam.e the successor of Garfield. Ans. Chester A. Arthur. 

Of McKinley. Ans. Theodore Roosevelt. 

Who was Hannibal Hamlin. Ans. Lincoln's first Vice President. 

8. Give a brief account of any three important events of recent occurrence. 
Ans. San Francisco earthquake; passage of Panama Canal Bill; admission of 
Oklahoma and Indian Territory as a State. 

9. Give a list of 10 dates and events marked by each, which you regard 
as most important in United States history. Ans. 1492, Discovery of America; 
1607, Settlement of Virginia; 1643, Union of New England colonies; 1776, 
Declaration of Independence; 1783, Close of the Revolution; 1803, Louisiana 
Purchase; 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty; 1850, Admission of California; 
1861, Civil War; 1S98, Spanish War. 

10. Name two important events connected with the lives, or the history of: 

(a) John Brown — Massacre at Pottawatomie; attack on Harper's Ferry. 

(b) Merriweather Lewis — Took part in Whisky Insurrection (1794); 

explored Missouri River (1804-1806). 



239 

(c) Maximo Gomez — Joined Cubans in 1868; again during late insurrec- 

tion. 

(d) Clara Barton — Joined hospital service in Civil War; organized Red 

Cross Society. 

(e) John Ericson — Invented screw propeller; invented "Monitor." 

(f) David Crockett — Served in Creek War; was one of the defenders 
of the Alamo (183G). 

READING. 

(1) We rise by the things that are under our feet, 

(2) By what we have mastered of good or gain; 

(3) By the pride deposed or the passion slain, 

(4) And the vanquished ills that we hourly meet. 

(5) We hope, we aspire, we resolve, we trust, 

(6) When the morning calls to life and light; 

(7) But our hearts grow weary, and ere the night 

(8) Our lives are trailing in the sordid dust. 

—J. G. Holland. 

1. Give in prose the thought of these two stanzas. Ans. We must work 
out our own success; nobody can do this for us. Often we commence the day 
full of the highest expectations, and ere night are bitterly disappointed and 
meet with utter failure. 

2. Mark for inflexion: 

"gain,". (2d line). Acs. Falling inflexion. 

"deposed" (3d line). Ans. Rising inflexion. 

"light" (6th line). Ans. Falling inflexion. 

"night" (7th line). Ans. Rising inflexion. 
The thought is complete at "gain" and "light," hence falling inflexion 
is proper. It is incomplete at "deposed" and "night," therefore rising inflexion 
is needed. 

3. Separate the fcllowing words into syllables and accent: trophy, prej-u- 
dice, ex-hil-a-rate, suavity, lei-sure. For accent, consult the dictionary. 

4. State three essential qualities of good supplemental reading, (b) Name 
a book that possesses these qualities for the seventh grade, and state its 
author. Ans-. Good supplemental reading must be so that the pupil can under- 
stand it; it must be in line with his degree of advancement; it must be inter- 
esting. I think "David Copperfleld" of Charles Dickens will meet the above 
requirements, and is suitable for the seventh grade pupils. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Por'.ugiil. capillaries, longitude, physician, operator, tropical, 
multiplicand, villain, lavender, • paragraph, plateaus, Dubuque, negroes, 
unique, exposition, stereoptlcon, punctuation, entrance, catarrh, consonant, 
debris, mucous, delegate, fluid, European. 

2. Mark diacritically: calisthenics, nuisance, precede, supersede, accede, 
melancholy, illegible, eligible, sieve, imminent. 4ns. Consult any dictionary. 



240 

Ans. Consult any dicticnary. 
3. Define: 

zinc, a metal. 

rinse, to wash after cleaning; a second application of water. 
prism, a rectangular solid, 
niche, a recess in a wall, an alcoye. 
scythe, a farmer's implement to cut grass, 
rhyme, a correspondence of sound, 
knell, sound of a bell. 
1 scheme, a plot. 

gnash, to grit, as to gnash the teeth, 
spasm, convulsion. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. What professional training have you received either before or since 
you began to teach? Ans. Besides a college education, I received no training. 

2. (a) What do you understand by the theory of teaching? (.b) Write 
at least five principles that should be embodied in this theory. > Ans. (a) 
By the theory of teaching we mean the principles upon which it rests, (b) 
From the known to the unknown; take nothing for granted that can be 
proven; tell nothing that a child can find out for himself; make haste slowly; 
be practical. 

3. Distinguish between the terms science and art in teaching. Ans, 
Science includes a knowledge of the underlying principles. Art includes 
the application of these principles. 

4. Comment briefiy on instruction, training and teaching. What is the 
special aim in each? Ans. Instruction means to give or impart information. 
The aim of instruction is to give power or knowledge. Training is special 
practice on what has been taught. The aim of training is to furnish skill. 
Teaching means doing three things: instructing, developing, training, and 
furnishes knowledge, power and skill. 

5. Define intellectual power and distinguish between it and skill. Ans. 
Intellectual power is ability to do any mental act. Skill is the power to 
do it in the best way. 

6. State in what manner and to what extent you comply with the law 
in reference to scientific temperance instruction. Ans. I teach it just as 
I teach physiology or the other branches. 

7. (a) What faculty is involved in moral training? (b) How do you 
give moral instruction? (c) What do you understand by culture of the feel- 
ings? Ans. (a) In m.oral training the will is involved, (b) I teach morals 
by personal example and stories carefully selected, (c) By culture of the 
feelings we mean training of the finer sensibilities in order to remove in- 
nate coarseness. 

8. Compare and contrast education of a child in public schools with that 
by private tutor. Ans. The advantages of public school education are: The 



241 

child ccmes into contact with others, culcivating his personality and en- 
abling him better to fight the world's battles when school days are over. 
The advantages of education by private tutor are: The child receives per- 
sonal attention, perhaps better instruction, is kept out of bad company, but 
does not bring him into contact with others. 

9. Give the true functions of the school; of the teacher; the textbook. 
Ans. The school should furnish men and women well educated and of good 
character. In this the teacher is the main agent, while the textbook is val- 
uable as a guide. It shows the way and nothing more. 

10. Name the studies best calculated to exercise faculties of (1) percep- 
tion; (2) memory; (3) imagination; (4) understanding and reason; (5) and 
state why. Ans. (1) Physiology and nature study; (2) spelling; (3) litera- 
ture and geography; (4) mathemadcs and grammar. (5) The reason is 
because the above named faculties are continually exercised, but not to the 
exclusion of the others, in the studies enumerated in the answer. 

WRITING. 

1. Name two common faults iu writing and tell how you would correct 
them. Ans. Lack of uniformity in size and space and slant. I know no other 
way to correct these than by persistent practice. By practice the mistakes 
will be corrected in the end. 

2. Give two movement exercises which you use in the formation of cap- 
ital letters and state how much time you devote to these exercises. Ans. 
I have pupils practice with capital stem and with oval, but I do not devote 
more than about five minutes at a time to these exercises. 

3. What objections may there be to the use of copy books in teaching 
pupils to write? Ans. Frequently the copy set m the^book is not observed 
beyond the first two or three lines. Another objection sometimes is made 
to introducing the use of copy books with too young pupils. 

4. Give directions for position of pen, paper and the writing. Ans. This 
question admits of a multiplicity of answers, but is satisfactorily .answered 
in any manual of penmanship. 

5. What are the essentials of good wriiing? Ans. The essentials of good 
writing are uniformity of size, slant and space. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Express in Roman characters 1904. Ans. MCMIV 

2. Write the following: 1, simple; 2, improper; 3, compound; 4 complex 
fractions; 5 mixed numbers. 

Ans (1) ^-2, -a; (2) -1., v^; (3) V2 of % or ^1 of %i; 

IV2 2 6V4 

(4) , , ; (5) 3^2, 61/8. 

3 4M? 7-.. 

3. .0(00074- .00007^ what? Ans. .0000074X00007=.0030000005I8. Ans. 

4. A bin is 6;<8X 10 ft Find its capacity in bushels. 



212 

6X8X10X1728 

Ans. =385% bu. Ans. or 6X8X10X. 803=385.44 bu. Ans. 

2150.4 

5. A man owned % of a mill and sold ^ of his share for $3,000. At this 
rate, what is the mill worth ? 

Ans. i of I of the mill or ■■'/u^ of it=$3,000; Jio==$l,OC0 and i'>io=$16,000. 

6. A not(^ of $100, due in 60 days, interest 8 per cent was discounted in 
bank at 12'% Find proceeds. 

Ans. (a) If by "due" we are to understand that no days of grace are to be 
allowed, 

Ans. Interest on $100 for 60 days at 8^;=$1.33i.:'f; amount =$10l.33i3. 

Discount on $101. 331. -i for 60 days at 12%=$2.02| or $2.03. Proceeds 
=?99.20. 
(b) If days of grace are to be allowed: Interest on $100 for 63 days at 
8 9( =$1.40. Amount of note=$101.40; discount on amount for 63 days at 12% 
=!52.13; and proceeds are: $99.27, a difference of 7 cents. 

7. A's tax was $40. Th<' rate is $.025. If the propertj' is assessed at 
50 9f of its real value, what is the real value of A's property ? 

Ans. i«f>%,5 of 'ii of $40=$3,200. 

8. The sides of a triangular field are 80 rods, 60 rods, 100 reds. Find 
area. 

Ans. 80+60+100=240; 240^2= 120;t/ 120X40X60X20=100X12X2^2, 400 
sq. rods and -*^"',''i«o=15 acres. 

9. A two inch globe fits in a cylinder 2 inches high . Find the capacity of 
that part of the cylinder not occupied by the globe. 

Ans. Contentsof cyhnder=22X. 7854X2=6.2832 cu. in. 
Contents of globe =2^X .5236 =4. 1888 cu. in. 



Unoccupied part, 2.0944 cu. in. 
10. A dealer bought $1,260 worth of goods and marked them 3SV:\'}c above 
c:>st. We sold them at 10 9^ less than the marked price. What percent did he 
make? 

Ans. fie marked goods at 133^!% of cost; 10 ^'r of this=13M}Sr. He sold 
at I33I/37,— 13V:i'/r = 1209f of cost, which is 2ofv profit. This is regardless of 
cost of goods $ 1 ,260 is superfluous. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. How are the expenses of the National Government met? Ans. They 
are met by an Internal Revenue and by a tariff duty on imports. 

2. State three rights v.hich the Constitution guarantees to accused per- 
sons. Ans. 1. Trial by jury. 2. Speedy trial. 3. The right to be brought 
face to face with accusing witnesses. 

3. How 'many amendments have been made to the Constitution? (2) 
How many of these were the direct outgrowth of the Civil War? Ans. (1) 
Fifteen amendments bave been made. (2) The 13th, 14th and 15th were 
the direct results of the Civil War. 

4. (1) Who instituted this rule: "To the victors belong the spoils"? (2) 



243 

What is your opinion of the spoils system? Ans. (1) Marcy, of New York. 
(2) I believe civil service reform is better. 

5. What is a Fresident's message? Ans. At the opening of Congress in 
December the President sends to both houses a document embracing a re- 
view of the conditions of the United States, and his recommendations for 
necessary future legislation. The President can and does frequently send 
other messages as occasions demand. The first mentioned, the one sent in 
December, is "the President's message". 

6. (1) What officers of the United States may be impeached? (2) By 
whom? (3) By whom are impeachments tried? Ans. (1) All civil officer^, 
including the President, can be impeached. (2) They are impeached by the 
House of Representatives. (3) Tried by the Senate. 

7. (a) What is naturalization? (b) What one political right does a 
native-born citizen possess over a naturalized citizen? Ans. (a) It is the 
process by which aliens become American citizens. (b) A native-born 
citizen can be elected President, a naturalized onp can not. 

8. What is the difference between a democracy and a republic? Ans. In 
a democracy the people themselves take charge of the government; in a 
republic they elect people, or officers, to administer governmental affairs 
for them. '' 

9. Name the members of the President's Cabinet and the general duties 
of each. Ans. The Cabinet, in 1906, consists of: (1) Root, Secretary of State; 
(2) Shaw, Secretary of the Treasury; (3) Taft, Secretary of War; (4) Bona- 
parte, Secretary of the Navy; ^5) Cortelyou, Postmaster General; (6) 
Moody, Attorney General; (7) Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture; (8) Hitch- 
cock, Secretary of the Interior, (9) Metcalfe, Secretary of Commei'ce and 
Labor. 

10. (1) What power has the President in the matter of treaties? (2) The 
Senate? Ans. (1) The treaty power is vested in the President: in other 
words, he makes the treaty. (2) To make it binding, it must be confirmed 
by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write for your village paper a notice of a school entertainment, giving 
the time, place, nature and admission fee. Ans. On Friday, July 20, 1906, 
at 8 o'clock in the evenir.g, the pupils of School District No. 15, will give 
a musical and literary entertainment at the sclioolhouse, for the purpose 
of increasing the number of books m the school library. Admission, 15 cents.' 

2. Distinguish between tautology and redundancy. Ans. Tautology con- 
sists in repeating the thought in other words. Redundancy consists in the 
addition of unnecessary words. 

3. Show either by definition or by the use in sentences the distinction in 
meaning in the words of the followig groups: 

(a) We earn our daily bread by work. 

(b) We gain in eflSciency by education. 

(c) We win a victor v. 

(d) We sit in an armchair. 

(e) We set a dish on the table. 

(f) We lie in bed. 

(g) We lay a book on the desk, 
(h) We choose our companions, 
(i) We prefer coffee to tea. 

(J) We select a suit of clothes at the store. 

4. Punctuate the following and give reasons: 

(a) The food was bar!; the meal ill served; the landlord (heaven bless 
him) was dirty; but what a talk we had about work, play, books, art, life. 



244 

Reason: A compound sentence in which all or some of the members are 
punctuated by commas, has its several members separated by semicolons. 
(b> The telegram was sent from Chicago, Ills., April 24, 1901. 
5. Write a composition of 150. words on "The Russo-Japanese War." Ans. 
The cause of the break in friendly relations between Russia and Japan, or 
rather, the immediate cause, was a dispute over Russian concessions in Corea 
and Russia's general attitude toward the Corean monarchy. This gave 
Japan a chance to force a settlement of the Manchurian question and to 
establish more definitely her status as a factor in Asiatic politics and Asiatic 
diplomacy. Japan had carefully prepared for war, while Russia had appar- 
ently neglected to arm herself for an early conflict. The first year of the 
war found Japan acting on the offensive and Russia was forced to accept 
the defensive. Besides some minor events, the principal events were the 
siege and capture of Port Arthur. On Jan. 2, 1906, the Russian General, 
Stoessel, surrendered to Gen. Nogi. T!ie next important and decisive event 
was the defeat of the. Russian fleet under Admirals Rodjestvensky and 
Nebogatoff. The Russian fleet was practically annihilated, j^idmiral Togo 
was the Japanese admiral. The battle of Mukden, by the Japanese Field 
Marshal Oyama, against the Russian General Kuropatkin was another Jap- 
anese victory. Mukden was occupied by the Japanese on March 10. Finally, 
through the intervention of President Roosevelt, commisoners of both na- 
tions met at Portsmouth, N. H., and peace was concluded and articles signed 
on September 5. The losses of both nations in men killed were about: Rus- 
sians, 180,000; Japanese, 153,000. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Give three general divisions of the subject of geography and define 
each. Ans. 1. Mathematical or astronomical geography treats of the earth 
in its relation to the solar system. 2. Physical geography treats of the 
earth in its relation to nature. 3. Descriptive geography treats of the earth 
as the home of man. 

2. Compare climate of Oregon with that of New England; give reasons. 
Ans. Oregon is warmer than New England, because New England has an 
Arctic Ocean current close to the shore and Oregon an Equatorial current. 

3. Name the bodies of water on which you would sail from Duluth to 
Liverpool. Ans. Lake Superior, Sault St. Marie, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, 
Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Erie Canal, Hudson River, Atlantic, 
North Channel, Ir'sh Sea, Mersey River. 

•1. Name a section of the United States where farmers are troubled from: 

(a) Lack of rainfall. Ans. In the West, especially in the North Amer- 

ican desert. 

(b) River overflows. Ans. In the Lower Mississippi region. 

(c) Worn-out soil. Ans. In many of the Southern States. 

(d) Swamp lands. Ans. All along the Atlantic coast, especially Florida. 

(e) Stcny surface. Ans. In all mountainous regions. 
5. What and where are the following: 

(a) Finland. Ans. It is the northwestern part of Russia. It borders 

on Sweden. 

(b) Yalu. Ans. The Yalu is a river between Korea and Manchuria. 

(c) Vesuvius. Ans. It is a volcano in Southern Italy near Naples. 

(d) Kimberley. Ans. Kimberley is a town in Southern Africa. 

(e) Luzon. Ans. Luzon is the largest of the Philippine Islands. 

C. Give three reasons for the uncultivated condition of the country and 
uncivilized condition of the people of Africa. Ans. 1. It was not until a com- 
paratively late date that Africa was much visited by white people. 2. The 
climate is hot. Three-fourths or m.ore cf it lies in the terrid zone. 3. The 



245 

regularity of the coast makes the commerce very limited. 

7. State approximately the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands; the direc- 
tion ond distance of these islands from San Francisco. Ans. The Hawaiian 
Islands lie between 18 degrees 55 minutes and 28 degrees 30 minutes North 
Latitude. They lie about 2,400 miles southwest of San Francisco. 

8. Name the three greatest commercial cities of the United States. Ans. 
New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia. 

9. Which city on the Mississippi has the greatest natural advantages for 
(a) manufacturing, (b) commerce, (c) give reasons. Ans. (a) St. Louis, on 
account of the iron found in the State cf Missouri; (b) St. Louis and New 
Orleans, on account of their location on the river. 

10. In what direction is San Francisco from the North Pole. Ans. All 
places on the earth are south cf the North Pole, therefore, San Francisco is 
south of it. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Write sentences illustrating four different constructions of a noun in 
the nominative case. Ans. (1) Subject: Men are mortal; (2) Predicate: My 
brother is a lawyer; (3) Apposition: Mr. Jones, the merchant, is ill; (4) Inde- 
pendent: John, shut the door. 

2. Parse words in heavy type: "If he proves to be what he claims, it is 
indeed sad." 

Ans. (1) "proves" is a verb, reg., act. voice, ind., pres., 3d, sing., to agree 
with "he." 

(2) "to be" is an infinitive with construction of a noun, object of 

"proves." 

(3) "what" is a rel. pronoun, double, equivalent to "that which"; 

"that," the antecedent part, is a pronominal adj. used as a 
noun, predicate to the infin. "to be"; "which," the consequent 
part, is a rel. pron.. simple, its antecedent is "that," with 
which it agrees in 3d sing., neut., obj. case, object of "claims." 

(4) "he" is a pronoun, pers., simple, 3d, sing., masc, nom., subject 

of "claims." 

(5) "claim.s" is a verb, regular, trans., act., ind., pres., 3d, sing., to 

agree with "he." 

(6) "it" is a pers. pron., its antec. is the clause preceding, sing., 3d, 

neut., nominative case, subject of "is." 
o. Give plural of (1) focus, (2) radius, (3) pailful, (4) company, (5) turkey, 
(6) axis. (7) phenomenon. (8) formula, (9) cherub, (10) sheep. Ans. (1) foci, 
(2) radii, (3) pailfuls, (4) companies, (5) turkeys, (6) axes, (7) phenomena, 
(8) formulae, (9) cherubim. (10) sheep. 

4. (1) What do you understand by a primitive word? Give 5 examples. 
(2) What do you understand by a derivative word? Write 5 adjectives de- 
rived from nouns. Ans. (1) A primitive word is not derived from any other. 
Illustration: man, woman, child, war, peace. (2) A derivative word is formed 
from another by prefixes or suffixes. Illustrations: manlike, womanish, cheer- 
ful, warlike, peaceful. 

5. (1) What is a finite verb? (2) An infinite? Illustrate each in sentences. 
Ans. (1) A finite verb is that part of the verb which is limited by person and 
number. (2) An infinite verb is that part of the verb, not limited by person or 
number. Illusti'ation: (1) All teachers strive for success; Gold is a metal. 
(2) To begin to learn to read is an important step in education. 

6. Give rule for use of "a" and "pn." Ans. "a" is used before consonant 
sounds; "an" before vowel sounds ci silent "h." 



246 

7. State 3 ways of distinguishing the gender of nouns. Give example of 
each. Ans. (1) By different words: man, Avoman; (2) by different prefixes: 
he-bear, she-bear; (3) by suffixes: executor, executrix. 

8. Give synopsis in the second person sing., active voice, all six tenses 
of "lie." 

Ans. Indie, rr.cde, pres., thou liest; past, thou layest; fut., thou shalt lie. 
Pres, perf., thou hast lain; past perf., thou hadst lain; fut. perf., thou 

shall have lain. 
Subj. mode, pres., if thou lie; past, if thou lay; past perf., if thou 

hadst lain. 
Pot. mode, pres., thou canst lie; past, thou couldst lie; pres. perf., 

thou mayst have lain. 
Past perf., thou mightst have lain. 

9. Distinguish between relative and personal pronouns. Ans. Personal 
pronouns have but one use: a representative use. Relative pronouns have 
two uses: a representative and a connective. 

10. Parse the verb in the sentence: The earthquake was felt many miles 
away Ans. "was felt" is a verb, irregular, pi'incipal parts are: feel, feft, 
felt; trans., pass, voice, Ind. mode, past tense, Sd person, sing, number, to 
agree with i(s subject, "earthquake." 

HISTORY. 

1. Name the most famous naval commander of the Civil War and give a 
brief account of two engagements in which he gained distinction. Ans. David 
G. Farragut. In April, 1861, in command of a fleet of 17 vessels and a mortar 
flotilla of 25 vessels, the latter under Commodore Porter, he ran past the forts 
on the river with his fleet and destroyed the Confederate fleet of 13 gunboats 
and 2 ironclads. A few days later he took New Orleans. On August 5, 1864, 
with 25 vessels, he destroyed the Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. 

3. (a) Name three Presidents viho have been elected and two Vic« Presi- 
dents who have succeeded to the Presidency since the Civil War. (b) To 
what political party did each belong? Ans. (a) Grant, Cleveland, Garfield, are 
three Presidents since Civil War. Grant was a Republican: Cleveland, a 
Democrat; Garfield, a Republican, (b) Arthi:r and Roosevelt, both Repub- 
licans, v^ere elected Vice President, and succeeded to the Presidency. 

4. What was Lincoln's position or view in regard to the capture of Mason 
and Slidell? "WHiy? Ans. In view of the fact that we had fought England 
for similar acts during the War of 1812, he opposed the capture and ordered 
them to be sent en their mJ&sion. 

5. What great commercial need contributed to the discovery of America? 
Ans. The finding of a Northwest passage to Asia. 

6. (a) What nation first explored the region of the Great Lakes and the 
Mississippi Valley? (b) Give names of two persons specially prominent in 
these explorations. Ans. (a) The French, (b) Fathers Marquette and 
LaSalle were the leaders. 

7. (a) What was the Stamp Act? (b) What measures did the colonies 
take to resist its enforcement? Ans. (a) It was an act according to which 
a stamp, varying in amount according to tue nature of the instrument, was 
to be placed on newspapers, notes, deeds, and legal documents, (b) The 
colonists destroyed all stamps they could get before November 1, 1765 (date 
it was to take effect), and, besides, for a while, suspended business. 

8. Give a brief account of any two of the following: (1) Monroe Doctrine; 
(2) Alabama Claims; (3) Alaska Purchase; (4) the Joint Electoral Commis- 



247 

sion. Ans. (1) In 1823, President Monroe announced that the American con- 
tinent was in the future not to be considered as subject to colonization by any 
European power. (2) In May, 1&71, an agreement was made to appoint "a 
High Commission to consider damage done American vessels by the Alabama 
and other Confederate cruisers. They met at Geneva and awarded the United 
States $15,500,000. (3) Alaska Purchase was concluded in March, 1867, for 
$7,200,000, in return for certain friendly acts on the part of Russia, during 
the Civil War. (4) The Joint Electoral Commission, composed of 5 United 
States Senators, 5 United States Representatives, and 5 Judges of the Su- 
preme Court, was called upon to settle the disputed Presidential election of 
1876. By a vote of 8 to 7, they declared Hayes elected. 

9. (1) Who was chosen President of the Confederate States of America? 
(2) Write the names of 8 of the States. (3) What city was selected as the 
capital of the government? Ans. (1) Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. (2) 
South Carolina, North Cai'olina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia. (3J Montgomery at first, 
Richmond soon after. 

10. Give a brief account of the first conflict of arms in the Civil War? Ans. 
Ft. Sumter, in South Carolina, was attacked by General Beauregard, on April 
11, 1861. The fort was defended by Major Anderson. The siege lasted thirty 
hours. At the expiration of that time Anderson capitulated. No one was 
killed, but this event precipitated the war. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. What lines of work do physiology, hygiene and anatomy embrace? Ans. 

(1) Physiology treats of the functions of the organs of the human system. 

(2) Hygiene treats of the laws of health. (3) Anatomy treats of location, 
structure, size of the organs under No. 1. 

2. Describe the structure and functions of blood corpuscles? Ans. In the 
human body there are two kinds of blood corpuscles, red and white. Both 
are small, there being about 5,000,000 red corpuscles in a cubic inch. The 
white corpuscles are somewhat larger, but much inferior in number, their 
number being about in the ratio of 350 to 1. Both are flattened disks and 
nucleated. Their function is not well understood, but they are probably 
concerned in the process of coagulation. 

3. Describe the femur. Ans. It is the thigh bone, the largest bone in the 
body, extending from the hip to the knee. The hip joint is a ball and socket 
joint; the joint at the knee, with the tibia and fibula, is a hinge joint. 

4. Describe the actions and functions of the stomach. Ans. The action of 
the stomach is "peristaltic," cr churning. In the stomach, by the gastric 
juice, the food is converted into chyme. 

5. What is the proper temperature for a school room? Ans. 08 or 70 
degrees F. 

6. (1) Describe the skin. (2) Why should we bathe? Ans. (1) The skin 
is comiposed of two layers. The outer, or cuticle, is without nerves, hence 
insensible, and very elastic. The inneir is very sensitive, and protected by 
the cuticle. (2) We bathe to remove all kinds of impurities fi'om the skTn, 
thus opening the pores, and facilitating the process of excretion. 

7. Describe the mechanism of the eye? Ans. The eye is composed of 
three coats: (a) sclerotic, the outer coat; (b) choroid, the middle coat; (c) 
retina, the inner coat. There are t v o humors: aqueous, in the fore part; 
vitreous, in the back part. The crys ailine lens is between the two humors. 
It brings the rays of light to a focus on the retina. The iris, with the pupil 
in the center, is a curtain, hanging in front of the crystalline lens. The optic 



248 

nerve, or nerve of sight, U- distributed on the retina. 

8. Mention three classes of joints, and give an example of each. Ans. 
(1) Ball and socket, as the shoulder. (2) Hinge, as the elbow. (3) Compound, 
as the wrist. 

9. (1) Name a function of the liver; (2) the stomach; (3) salivary glands. 
Ans. (1) The liver secretes "bile"; (2) the gastric glands in the stomach 
secrete "gastric juice"; (3) the salivary glands secrete "saliva." 

10. Describe the lacteals. Ans. The lacteals are minute tubes which 
absorb or take up the chyle from the alimentary canal and convey it to the 
thoracic duct. 

READING. 

1. When and for what purpose should the teacher read orally for the 
pupils? Atis. During the reading exercise, in order to correct errors after 
the pupil has finished reading; or, in some instances, the teacher should 
read before the pupils in order to direct iu overcoming difficulties that the 
pupil can not well overcome unaided. 

2. Discuss supplementary reading as to (a) purpose, (b) material. Ans. 

(a) The purpose of supplementaiy reading is to furnish the pupil more prac- 
tice than can be gotten from any one textbook, (b) The material consists 
in other readers of the same grade and suitable works from different authors, 
both in prose and in poetry. 

3. Name three books which you can recommend to pupils, and state your 
reasons for recommending each, and the grade for which intended. Ans. 
Frank G. Carpenter's travels. Every pupil likes works of this kind, and it 
is suitable for the Fifth grade. Hawtliorne's Wonderbook is very enter- 
taining and is suitable for the Sixth grade. Dicken's Old Curiosity Shop 
is very attractive, true to life and suitable to the most advanced pupils in 
the country school. 

4. Define: (a) expression, (b) emphasis, (c) force, (d) articulation, (e) 
pronunciation. Ans. (a) Expression is the rendering of the sense and senti- 
ment of what is read and spoken in the clearest, most appropriate manner; 

(b) emphasis is word prominence brought out in a variety of ways; (c) 
force is synonymous with energy, and may apply to words, whole sentences 
and even whole paragraphs; (d) articulation consists in the proper uttering' 
of the sounds and syllables contained in words; (e) pronunciation includes 
accent, syllabication, articulation. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: Congruent, Korea, mahogany, unconstitutionality, cacao, alge- 
braic, quotient, I^'uisiana, disease, exhaust, journalist, cigarette, Arkansas, 
sycamore, phalanges, senior, orchard, commercial, mesenteric, authority, li- 
braries, definition, resolution, emphatic, eligible. 

2. Define: Insensible, without feeling; eulogize, to praise; league, measure 
of three miles; opera, musical drama; province, district of an empire or king- 
dom remote from the capital; recipe, prescription for preparing medicine; 
cannibal, one who eats human flesh; discourse, a sermon or treatise; irri- 
gate, to water by causing a stream to flow over it; kerosene, coal oil. 

3. Mark diacritically: Genesis, allegory, zealous, italicize, menagerie, 
quadrille, isinglass, wizard, efficiency, emanate. Consult your dictionary. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Write a short description of the most helpful chapter in some work 
on pedagogy you have read recently. Are you a member of the reading cir- 
cle? Ans. In "The Art of Study," by Hinsdale, I was much entertained by 
Chapter X, "Attacking the Lesson." He says: It is in the study-lesson 



249 

that the pupil shews his mastery of his art. It may be a source of waste, 
owing to ignorance and lack of interest. He discusses "Quizzing the Les- 
• son." He also compares a questioner and an answerer to the pitcher and 
catcher in base ball. He adds: Words are not ideas. The whole chapter, 
in fact the whole boclc, is brimful of good matter. 

2. If employed to teach in a poorly heated, badly ventilated and unattrac- 
tive schoolroom, how would you go about improving the conditions? Ans. 
I should try to have parents interested through the pupils, explain matters 
to the directors; and if this showed no good effect, report condition of 
affairs to the County Superintendent. 

3. Name: (1) Three qualifications of a good teacher; (2) five articles 
necessary in every schoolroom. Ans. (1) Scholarhsip, tact, industry; (2) 
broom, bucket, desks, maps, stove. 

4. What is the object of discipline, and how is it best maintained? Ans. 
The object of discipline is minimizing waste of time, and securing respectful 
compliance with existing regulations. It is best maintained by co-operation 
of the pupils, by making them, or some of them, assistants of the teacher 
to guard against violation of regulations. 

5. How can lessons of morality best be inculcated by the teacher? Of 
what value are pictures in the schoolroom? Ans. Morality can best be in- 
culcated by personal example of the teacher and by appropriate literary 
selections. "Preach no sermons."' Pictures appeal to the sense of the beauti- 
ful and make the room more attractive. 

6. Give the titles of five books on the subject of education of value to 
the teacher. Name author. Ans. 1. Art of Study, by Hinsdale; 2. White's 
Pedagogy; 3. White's School Management; 4. Roark's Psychology in Edu- 
cation; 5. Roark's Method in Education. 

7. Make an outline for a lesson on the subject of the Louisiana Purchase. 
Ans. ( 1) Time, (2) place, (3) purpose, (4) sum paid. (5) manner of pay- 
ment, (G) of whom bought, (7) commissioners, (8) territory added, (9) fur- 
ther results. 

8. State at least three important ptirposes of review work, and give your 
views relative to examinations for promotion. Ans. (1) It refreshes the 
mJnd, (2) it prepares for future work, (3) it fixes knowledge. I think work 
done in the class dtiring the term, not examinations, should be the basis of 
promotion. 

9. Name five proper and five improper incentives to study. Ans. Five 
proper incentives to study are: Desire for knov.-ledge. desire for usefulness, 
sense of right, sense of duty, sense of honor. Five improper incentives are: 
Prizes, medals, privileges, imm.unities, fear of the teacher. 

10. In your opinion what is the most important work of the teacher? Ans. 
The formation of good character. 

WRITING. 

1. How early in the grades would you insist on the use of the pen? Ans. 
1 see but little objection, if any, to the use of the pen at the very beginning. 
At any rate, I would very soon insist on using the pen instead of slate pencil 
or lead pencil. 

2. What use should be made of the blackboard for instruction in writing 
by the teacher and for practice by the pupil? Ans. I believe the use of the 
blackboard during the writing exercise should be restricted to the teacher, 
and only to give general directions to the class, and to point out errors of 
the pupils. 

3. Outline a writing exercise as it should be conducted. State grade. 
Ans. For all grades I would proceed about as follows: (1) Distribute writing 
material by monitors. (2.) Give general directions. (3) Writing exercise and 



250 

pass along the seats, givirg attention to individual pupils. (4) Point out on 
the blackboard errors, and show how to correct them. (5) Collect writing 
material by monitors. 

4. (.1) How do you teach pupils to acquire a free movement? (2) Do you 
believe in allowing individuality in writing? Ans. (1) By appropriate and 
properly graded exercises in muscular movement. (2) I do, under proper 
restrictions. 

5. Analyze the letters in the word "America." Ans. Consult any system 
of Penmanship. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Find the value of ; 

4% 4\ 

2% 3^5 2| 4i 11 3 17 3 1683 

4-:t ' 41/4 4% 3^ 4 14 -4 10 2J40 

41-. 4 1 

2. Reduce X 1 to its simplest decimal form. 

18i 9 3 

4'5 4 "'84 4 l!2 112 1 112 365 477 159 

' " 18i 9 365 ' 9.i 1095' l(i95 3 1095 1095 li»95 365' 
159 
^ 4356164 + 



365 

3. Define: Cube, rectangle, triangle. 

Ans. . A cube is a regular solid having six square faces. A rectangle is a 
quadrilateral, having opposite sides parallel, and whose angles gre right 
angles. A triangle is a plain figure bounded by three straight lines. 

4. Reduce .375 of a gallon to lower denominations. Likewise % gallon. 
Ans. .375galX4=^1.4qt.; .4qt.X2=.8 pt.; .8 pt.X4=3-2 gills. 

Ans.::^:l qt. , 3.2 gills. 
'}'- gal.X4---2'f7=2r7 qt. ; % qt.X2=15/7 pt. ; •% pt.,X4=2':'T gills. 
Ans. =2 qts., 1 pt., 2% gills. 

5. (1) For v.'hat is avoix-dupois weight used? (2) Apothecaries' v.-eight ? 

Ans. (1) Avoirdupois weight is used for wtighirg fli ccnmcdities ex- 
cept gems and prtcious metals. Apothecaries' weight is u...(.d for weighing 
drugs at retail . 

6. Give tables for Troy weight and liquid mea.?ure: 

Ans TUOY WEIGHT. LIQUID .MEASURE. 

24 grains=l pennyweight 4 giils=l pint. 

20pwt.=l ounce. 2 pints=l quart. 

12 oz =1 pound. 4 quarts==l gallon. 

7. (1) What is the radius of a circle? 

Ans. The distance from center to ciicumftrence. 

(2) Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 240 ft. 
Ans 3.1416X240 ft^- 753.984 ft. 

(3) Find the area of a triangle whos ; base i^ 6 ft. and altitude 10 ft. 



251 

Ans; h (10x6)=:3nsq. ft 

1764 
8. Find the square root and 52441. 

2809 

Ans. i/i"t6^^;^=4%3, and a/ 52441=229 

9 Find the interest on .f9,000 for 6 years, 2 months, 3 days at 5 per cent. 
Ans. ;t9,0MO '■"•« 

12 .741 $7i30X.74lX5=$2778 75. 

5 

10 Find the amount and interest of ^320.60 for 6 months, 12 days at 6/^ . 



Ans. 
12 



?320.60 

.064 .U32 $320.60X .032=$10 2592 or $10.26 interest. 

6 and $32U.60+$10.26=$330.86 amount. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



1. (1) Who is Chief Executive of the United S^^ates? (2) Give qualifica- 
tions of the President. Ans. (1) Theodore Roosevelt is Chief Executive, or 
President, of the United States. (2) A President must be 35 years of age, a 
native-born American, and 14 years resident within the United States. 

2. fli What is the President's salary? (2) What is the Vice President's 
salary? Ans. (1) S5O.000. (2) $8,000. 

3. (1) When is the Ptesideiu inaugurated? (2) Give his term of office. 
Ans. (1) On March 4th after election; if this day falls on Sunday, on March 
5th. (.2) The President is elected for four years. 

4. (1) Do the people vote directly for President and Vice President? 
(2) Define "Electoral College." Ante (1) The people vote for a number of 
electors, equal to the combined number of Senators and Representatives of 
their respective States. They do not vote directly for President and Vice 
President. (2) The electors of all the States as deJined in (1) constitute the. 
Electoral College. They vote directly for President and Vice President. 

5. Who is Commander-in-Chief of the Am.erican Army? Ans. The Pres- 
ident of the United States is Commander-in-Chief, but he does not com- 
mand the army in person. Gen. A. R. Chaffee is chief of staflE. 

C. How manj"^ m.embers in the President's Cabinet? Ans. There are nine. 

7. (1) Name a CJnited States militnry academy. (2) Name a United States 
naval academy. Acs. (1) West Point. (2) Annapolis. 

8. (1) What is a copyright? (2) What is a pacent? Ans. (1) A copyright 
is an exclusive right for 28 years, and renewable for 14 years more, given to 
the oiiginator of a book or other writing, painting, sculpture, photograph, 
or similar prcducticn, or to his assignee, to produce and' sell the above pro- 
ducticns. (2) A patent is similar to a copyright, but applies to an invention. 

9. How often is the census taken? Ans. A census is taken every ten 
Ans. (1) A monarchy is a government ruled by a king or emperor. (2) An 
years in years ending in "0". 

10. (1) Define monarchy. (2) Define aristocracy. (3) Define democracy, 
arictccracy is a government by the rich and opulent. (3) A democracy is 
a govcrment by the people. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a letter to Mr. Caimegie, asking for a donation for your public 
library at your county sestt. 

Ans. Jeffersontown, Ky., July 18, 1906. 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie, 

Fifth Avenue. New York City. N. Y. 

Dear Mr. Carnegie: Being aware of the fact that you are a great friend ol 



252 

popular education, especially in the form of public libraries, I take the lib- 
erty to address you these few lines. Our community here wishes to elevate 
itself, and we, almost to a man, desire to improve our intellectual condition. 
However, we are poor, but willing to do what we can. We should like to 
have a library at our county seat. Would you kindly assist us to secure one? 
If you will, please to let me know what con'iitions must be met to secure your 
co-operation. Awaiting your reply at your earliest convenience, I am, 

Yours very respectfully, 

CHARLES BROWN. 

2. Write sentences containing: (a) retain, (b) preserve, (c) error, (d) 
blunder. 

Ans. (a) The prisoner wished to retain the lawyer. 

(b) We preserve most of our fruit in September. 

(c) I see one error in your composition. 

(d) He committed a serious blunder. 

3. Write one sentence containing "accept" and "except." Ans. I can not 
accept your proposition except under certain conditions. 

4. Write sentence containing "stationary" and "stationery." Ans. This 
is a stationary engine. We buy our stationery at the bookstore at the corner. 

5. Mark diacritically : asparagus, vivacious. See dictionary. 

6. Name two English poets. Ans. Milton, Tennyson. 

7. Name two Scotch poets. Ans. Burns, J. Watson (Ian Maclaren). 

8. Name two American poets. Ans. Bryant, Longfellow. 

9. Name one colored poet. Ans. Paul Dunbar. 
10. Read the following and tell the author's name: 

"Without speaking, without pausing, 
Kwasind leaped into the river; 
Plunged beneath the bubbling surface, 

Through the whirlpools chased the beaver; 
Followed him among the islands, 

Stayed so long beneath the water 
Thr.t his terrified companions 

Cried: 'Alas, good-bye to Kwasind!'" 
The above is from Longfeilow's poem, "Hiawatha." 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (1) To what country does Iceland belong? (2) Name the countries 
of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Ans. (1) It belongs to Denmark. (2) The 
two countries are Sweden and Norway. 

2. (1) AVhat peninsula south of the Scandinavian Peninsula? (2) Name 
the British Islands. Ans. (1) The Danish Peninsula. (2) Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

3. (1) Name the largest city of Great Brit? in. (2) On what river is it 
situated? (3) Name the largest country of Europe. Ans. (1) London. (2) 
On the Thames River. (3) Russia. 

4. (1) What bay west of France? (2) What sea south of Europe? 
(3) Name the sea east of Great Britain. Ans. (1) The Bay of Biscay. (2) 
The Mediterranean Sea. (3) The North Sea. 

5." (1) Name three peninsulas south of Europe. (2) Name three large 
islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Ans. (i) The Spanish, the Italian, the 
Balkan Peninsulas. (2)' Corsica, Sardinia. Sicily. 

6. (1) Name and locate four rivers of Europe. (2) Name and locate 
four cities of Europe. Ans. (1) The Volga, in Russia, flows into the Caspian 
Sea; the Danube, in Cermanv and Austria, flows into the Black Sea; -the Vis- 



253 

tula, in Germany, flows into the Baltic; the Rhine, in Germany, flows into 
the North Sea. (2) London, capital of England; Paris, capital of France; 
Berlin, capital of Germany; Vienna, capital of Austria. 

7. (1) Name three mountain ranges of Europe. (2) Name the highest 
mountain in the world. Ans. (1) The Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines. 

(2) The Himalaya Mountains. Mt. Everest is the highest peak. 

8. Where is (1) Mt. Vesuvius? (2) Mt. Etna? (3) Mt. Hecla? Ans. (1) 
In Southern Italy. (2) On island of Sicily. (3) On Iceland. 

9. (1) Name the first and last countries of Europe to become civilized. 
(2) Name one country of Europe which is still in a low state of civilization. 
Ans. (1) Greece was civilized for centuries; Turkey is now half civilized. 

(2) Russia is improving, but is still in a low state of civilization. 
10. Locate: 

Constantinople? — It is on the Bosporus, and capital of Turkey. 

Glasgow? — Is a large city in Scotland. 

Madrid? — Is the capital of Spain, on the Manzanares. 

Rome? — Is the capital of Italy, on the Tiber. 

Athens? — Is the capital of Greece. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. (1) Name the five modes. (2) How do you know the infinitive? Ans. 
(1) Indicative, imperative, subjunctive, potential, infinitive. (2) Except after 
a few verbs, the infinitive is usually preceded by "to". 

2. Give the properties of verbs. Ans. Voice, mode, tense, person, number. 

3. What is false syntax? Ans. A violation of the rules of syntax. 

4. Name the simple relative pronouns. Ans. Who, which, what, that 
and as. 

5. Name compound relative pronouns. Ans. Whoever, whoso, whoso- 
ever, whatever, whatso, whatsoever. 

6. Give properties of nouns. Ans. Person, number, gender, case. 

7. Name the genders and give an example of each. Ans. Masculine, as 
"man"; feminine, as "woman"; common, as "neighbor"; neuter, as "house". 

8. (1) Define complex sentences. (2) Principal clause. (3) Subordi- 
nate clause. Ans. (1) A complex sentence is a sentence some part of which 
contains a subject and a predicate. (2) A principal clause is the clause that 
contains the principal sentence, and usually makes sense when standing alone. 
(3) A subordinate clause is usually a modifier, and does not make sense 
when standing alone. 

9. (1) Define interjection. (2) Give example in a sentence. Ans. (1) 
An interjection is a word expressing strong feeling, but having no gram- 
matical connection with other words. (2) Hurrah! The victory is ours. 

10. Give rules for capital letters. 
Ans. All proper names are capitalized. 

"I" and "0" are capitalized. 

All appellations of the Deity are capitalized. 

Every line in poetry commences with a capital. 

Titles of books, headings of chapters, etc., are capitalized. 

HISTORY. 

1. What caused the Spanish-American War? Ans. The immediate cause 
was the "blowing up" of the Maine on Feb. 15, 1898. The more remote cause 
was the inhuman treatment of the Cubans by Spain. 

2. What new territory did United States gain by this war? Ans. Porto 
Rico, the Philippine Islands, Tutuila, Guam. 

3. Name two battles fought during the Civil War. Name the generals. 
Ans. The battle of Antietam; the commanders were McClellan and Lee. The 



254 

battle of Gettysburg; the commanders were Meade and Lee. 

4. Name two battles cf the Revolutionary War. Name the generals, and 
which victorious. Aus. The battle of Long Island; Clinton and Cornwallis 
were British commanders, Putnam Vf-as the American commander; the Amer- 
icans were defeated. The second battle of Saratoga; Gates was the Amer- 
ican Commander and Burgoyne was the commander of the British; Burgoyne 
surrendered. 

5. (1) Name the first battle cf the Civil War. (2) Name the first battle 
of the Revolution. Ans. (1) The battle of Bull Run. (2) The battle of Lex- 
ington. 

0. (1) Wliere was Cornwallis captured? (2) How long did the Revolu- 
tionary War last? Ans. (1) Cornwallis was captured at Yorktown. (2) 
This war lasted eight years. 

7. Name the tnirteen original Colonies. Ans. New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 

8. By whom was New York settled? Maryland? J'lorida? Ans. New 
York was settled by the Dutch. Maryland, by English Catholics. Florida, 
by the Spaniards. 

9. Where was Arcadia? By v/hom settled? Ans. Arcadia was the part 
of Canada now known as Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It was settled 
by the French. 

10. (1) Describe the battle of Brj'an Station. (2) Who was Simon 
Girty? Ans. (1) On August 16, 1782, Bryan's Station,- five miles from Lexing- 
ton, was attacked by a combined force of English and Indians. Most of the men 
were inside of the fort at the time. They noticed some spies looking around, 
and at once prepared for a siege. To get a supply of water, there being no 
spring within the foi't^ the women marched out to secure the needoTi supply. 
The settlers reasoned, and justly, that the besiegers would waste no shots 
on women, but only on warriors. After the water was secured swift-footed 
runners were sent to Lexington and other places, and soon a relief force 
reached the fort. At night the Indians tried to set fire to the fort. Being 
unsuccessful in this, the Indians departed and gave up the siese. (2) Simon 
Girty, "The White Renegade,*' was despised by every one. He had been 
reared among the Indians, nnd had been adopted by them. He had grown 
up a savage and chose to remain one. He was as cruel as an Indian, and 
by his knowledge of English he became very valuable to the Indians in their 
schemes to torture the white settlers. 

PEDAGOGY. 

1. How would you cultivate the memory of your pupils? Ans. By com- 
mitting choice literary exercises, and by correlating different subjects of 
s^y.dy — i. e., by grouping around certain- princ.pal subjects o'chers closely 
rslated to them. 

2. How would yi^u quicken their imaq-iuf (inn? Why is this important? 
Ans. By » dose study of literature, especially poetry and works on travels. 
The cultivation of tae imagination is necessary because it is the faculty 
by which we con".bine and create. 

3. Plow would you cultivate the perceptive faculties? Ans. By appro- 
priate observational exercises, and ask Questions about the articles con- 
sidered. 

4. How wovld yen cultivpte the judgment? Ans. This is hardest of all, 
and a slow process in many cases. However, by the right kind of oral exer- 
cises much may be accomjllshcd. 

5. Whac is child study? Why is this important? Ans. By child study 
we understand the study of the nature and development of the mind of the 



255 

child. It is important because without a knowledge of this most important 
subject all teaching musi: be "guess work," and we may give our pupils 
menial stones .instead of mental bread. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. (1) Name the chief organ of respiration. (2) Of what is the air we 
breathe composed? Ans. (1) Tlie chief organ of respiration is the lungs. 
(2) Air is composed of about one-fifth oxygen and about four-fifths nitrogen. 
There is also a very small part of carbon dioxide. 
■ 2. Which element warms the body? Ans. Oxygen warms the body. 

3. Locate the diaphragm. Ans. It is the muscular partition between 
chest and abdomen. 

4. What does the liver secrete to benefit the system? Ans. The liver 
secretes bile. 

0. What is the most vital part of the brain? Ans. The medulla oblongata 
is the most vital part. 

6. (I) Name the special senses. (2) Locate the optic, auditory, olfactory, 
and mandilory nerves. Ans. (1) Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, are the 
five special senses. (2) The optic nerve is the n*-,. ve of sight; the auditory 
nerve is the nerve of hearing; the olfactory np/ve is the nerve of smell; 
and manditory nerves are nerves going from the brain to the different 
organs, sometimes called bv the name of "eff'.-rent" nerves. 

7. How may these nerves be easily injured? Ans. By over-taxing them 
or exercising them under improper conditions. 

8. How does taste aid in protecting us from injury? What protection 
does smell afford? Ans. Taste may protect us from injury by guarding us 
in selecting improper or impure food. Smell warns us against the presence 
of noxious, also against decayed articles of food. 

9. Where are the lachrymal glands located? Ans. They are located 
above and back of the eye. 

10. How do we see objects? If the eyes become weak, what is the best 
treatment for them.? Ans. The rays of light enter tlie eye and converge 
on the retina, where the optic nerve is distributed. This nerve communi- 
cates the sensation to the mind and this sensation is sight. When the eyes 
become weak, consult a competent oculist, and wear the proper kind of 
.spectacles. 

READING. 

1. (1) What is meant by an ear vocabulary? (2) An eye vocabulary? 
Ans. (1) A person's ear vocabulary i9 composed of the words which he 
can recognize by sound. (2) His eye vocabulary is composed of the words 
recognized by sight. 

2. (1) How should the teacher prepare. for the reading lesson? (2) The 
child? Ans. (1) The teacher in preparing for the reading lesson must study 
to develop the full thought contained in the composition. He must study 
those words which need explanation. Also emphasis, tone, pitch, etc., should 
receive careful attention. He must be able to read the lesson well himself. 
(2) The pupil should study the meaning of all new words and practice the 
reading in such a way thai he can read naturally and intelligently. 

3. (1) What is supplementary reading? (2) Why is it important? Ans. 
(1) Supplementary reading is reading from other text-books than the one 
in use, but of the same "grade." It'also includes selections from literature 
suitable to the degree of advancement of the child. (2) The importance of 
supplementary reading lies in the fact that through reading the child 
acquires a taste for good literature. 



256 

4. What setting should be given every selection? Ans. Name the whole 
of which it is a part, and the auUior who wrote the selection, adding brief 
biography of the author and the name of some of his other productions. 
Also, if possible, determine the purpose or object for which it was written. 

5. How would you interest the pupils in the reading lesson? Ans. By 
being interested myself, and by avoiding routine methods. Also by con- 
tributing new and interesting matter connected with the reading, and by 
showing the pupils how and where this new matter can be obtained. 

G. Examiner will select reading. 

SPELLING. 

1. Spell: gigantic, contagious, congenial, tonsillitis, secretary, phlegm, eli- 
gible, tuition, deferential, dilemma. 

2. Give four rules for spelling: Ans. (1) Monosyllables and words accent- 
ed on the last syllable ending with a single consonant preceded by a single 
vowel double the last consonant on receiving a sufHx commencing with a 
vowel. (2) Silent final "e" must be dropped when suffixes commencing with 
a vowel are added, except when words ending in "ce" or "ge" come before 
"ous" or "able." In this case the "e" is retained to preserve the soft sound 
of "c" or "g." (3) In monosyllables ending in "f," "1" and "s," the final 
letter is doubled when preceded by a single vowel. N. B. To this rule there 
are the following exceptions: clef, if, of, sol, as, gas, has, was, yes, his. is, 
thus, us. (4) "y" preceded by a consonant is changed to "i" on the addition 
of a syllable not beginning with 'i." N. B. Adjectives of one syllable ending 
in "y" preceded by a consonant are exceptions, and usually retain the "y." 
Words ending "ship," as secretaryship are also exceptions, likewise the words 
"babyhood" and "ladykin." 

3. What importance do you attach? Ans. I suppose the words "to spell- 
ing" are omitted from the question. I attach great importance to spelling. 
While no one receives much credit for being a good speller, it being taken 
as a necessary qualification, yet no one can be considered proficient and 
adapted to the clerical part of a business career who is deficient in this 
part of his education. 



Copyrighted 1906 

By 

WALTER CRADY. 



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